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<div>'''This tutorial is compatible with:'''<br />
* '''WMS Version 8.1 and later'''<br />
* '''GSSHA Version 3.0b and later'''<br><br><br />
<font color= "red">'''Disclaimer: GSSHA tutorial exercises do not represent real world conditions'''<br></font><br />
<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
Long-term simulations typically involve running several rainfall events along with the evapotranspiration model for weeks to months. There are two key parts to running a long-term simulation. The first is to set up the precipitation file, and the second is to set up the evapotranspiration model with its hydrometeorological (hmet for short) data.<br />
<br />
==Precipitation==<br />
<br />
A long-term event typically consists of multiple rainfall events, often with several rain gages. Multiple gage events can either be setup using WMS or using a handy Microsoft® Excel® spreadsheet. If you are only passingly familiar with Microsoft® Excel® it is recommended that you read Chapter 10, “Using Microsoft® Excel® to format GSSHA™ Data” first.<br />
<br />
We will start by using a Microsoft® Excel® spreadsheet to set up a multiple-event, single gage precipitation file from some raw data.<br />
<br />
===Using the Format Precip Macro===<br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Navigate to the "Formatting Macros" folder.</li><br />
<li>Open the Excel® file “format_precip_macro.xls” and enable macros, if prompted.</li><br />
<li>Click on the worksheet titled “input_data”.</li><br />
<li>Select columns “A” through “F”.</li><br />
<li>Right-click on the columns and select “Format Cells…”</li><br />
<li>In the “Format Cells” pop-up window select “Text” in the box below the word “Category”.</li><br />
<li>Click “OK”.</li><br />
<li>Use Notepad to open the file “precip_raw.txt”, located in the Precip_data folder.</li><br />
<li>Select and copy the entire text file.</li><br />
<li>Select cell “A1” on the input_data worksheet, then right-click and pick “Paste”</li><br />
<li>Set up the data to match the format outlined on the “Instructions” worksheet of the spreadsheet (for help look at the instructions, or refer to Chapter 10 Using Microsoft® Excel® to format GSSHA™ Data.</li><br />
<li>Follow the steps on the “Instruction” worksheet. (Use the default values. The coordinate for the gage is found in the Precip_formatted.txt file.)</li><br />
<li>Once you have setup the data, click on the “Format precip data” button found on the “Instructions” worksheet”.</li><br />
<li>Your formatted data is on the “Output_data” worksheet.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
==Hydrometeorological Data==<br />
<br />
Hydrometeorological data is used in GSSHA™ to determine how the soil moisture is<br />
affected by atmospheric conditions. The hydrometeorlogical data is used to drive the<br />
evapotranspiration model. In the following exercise we will create a file that contains all<br />
the hydrometeorological data for the same period as the precipitation data.<br />
<br />
===Using the Format Hmet Macro===<br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Open the Excel® file “Format_Hmet_macro.xls” from the Formatting_macros folder, and enable macros if prompted.</li><br />
<li>Select the “Instructions” worksheet to learn how the data should be organized before it can be formatted for GSSHA™.</li><br />
<li>To retrieve the raw data, open the Hmet raw data file called “Hmet_raw.xls” in the Hmet_data folder.</li><br />
<li>Select the “KBLV_Scott worksheet and copy the appropriate columns of raw data to the “input_data1” worksheet of the format Hmet data macro.</li><br />
<li>Select the worksheet “scott_radiation_2001” of the raw data file, and then copy the appropriate columns to the “input_data2” worksheet of the format Hmet data macro.</li><br />
<li>Make sure that the “input_data1” and “input_data2” worksheets are organized as outlined on the “Instructions” worksheet, and then click the “Format Hmet data” button on the “Instructions” worksheet. (Note that the Instructions indicate that the data should be entered in cell A1. This is an error. The first row of data should be in cell A2.)</li><br />
<li>The formatted data will be shown on the “output_data” worksheet.</li><br />
<li>Save the “output_data” worksheet as a text file called “hmet.txt” in the folder you created earlier in the precipitation section.</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
==Evapotranspiration==<br />
<br />
Now we will go back to WMS and set up the Long-term modeling data. First we need to set up the Job control options to turn on long-term mode.<br />
<br />
If you are starting the tutorial from here, open the long_term.prj file found in the Finished Tutorial folder.<br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Select '''GSSHA™| Job Control…'''</li><br />
<li>Check the box next to "Long term simulation" in the GSSHA Job Control Parameters window. </li><br />
<li>Click the ''Edit parameter...'' button and enter a value of 38.7696 for “Latitude”.</li><br />
<li>Enter a value of 270.05 for “Longitude”.</li><br />
<li>For “GMT” enter a value of –6.00.</li><br />
<li>Enter 0.10 for “Minimum event discharge”.</li><br />
<li>Make the “Soil moisture depth” equal to 0.5.</li><br />
<li>Click on the folder icon to next to “HMET Data File” to browse for the Hmet text file you created with the “Format_Hmet_macro” spreadsheet. Navigate to the file and select it.</li><br />
<li>Under “Format”, toggle on WES.</li><br />
<li>Select OK.</li><br />
<li>In the “Evapotranspiration” section of the window toggle “Penman Method”.</li><br />
<li>In the Overland Flow Computation method combo box choose “ADE” instead of “Explicit.”</li><br />
<li>Select OK.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Next we need to set up the ET parameters.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Select '''GSSHA™ | Map Tables…'''</li><br />
<li>Click on the Evapotranspiration tab.</li><br />
<li>In the drop down box next to “Using index map” select landuse, then click the “Generate IDs” button.</li><br />
<li>Enter the values required for evapotranspiration using the following table, or you can find values from the appendix.</li><br><br />
{{Tutorials:Table10}}<br><br />
<li>Click Done.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Next we need to tell WMS to point to our precipitation file.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Select '''GSSHA™ | Precipitation…'''</li><br />
<li>Select ''Gage'' from the drop-down menu.</li><br />
<li>Click the ''Import Gage File…'' button.</li><br />
<li>Browse to the precipitation file, select it, and hit OK.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Since we only have one gage, the rainfall data is spread out uniformly over the watershed. If we had more that one gage we would pick either Theissen Polygons or Inverse Distance weighted here in this dialog.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Select Ok.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
We are ready to run now, but first we will want to change some output options. We will not want to output the data sets so frequently.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Select '''GSSHA™ | Job Control...'''</li><br />
<li>Click on the Output Control... button.</li><br />
<li>In the Write frequency section of the dialog, change the Write Frequency to 60 (minutes).</li><br />
<li>Select OK, OK.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
You are now ready to run a long-term simulation. Save the project, then run GSSHA™. This simulation may take some time to run to completion, and will run faster by selecting the Suppress screen printing option in the GSSHA Run Options dialog. You may view the simulation output by clicking the ''Abort'' button, selecting '''GSSHA | Read Solution''' and opening the sol_long_term.prj from the ''long_term_sol'' folder in the Finished_Tutorial directory.<br />
</div><br />
</ol><br />
<noinclude><br />
{{TutNav}}<br />
</noinclude></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Template:Nav8&diff=4362Template:Nav82009-08-14T14:12:29Z<p>Eshaw: /* Links */</p>
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<div>{{Template:NavEditInstructions|8|Lateral Groundwater Flow Modeling in the Saturated Zone|Lateral Flow}}<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<onlyinclude><br />
:8 [[Groundwater:Lateral Groundwater Flow Modeling in the Saturated Zone|Groundwater]]<br />
:: 8.1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Groundwater:General|General]]<br />
:: 8.2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Groundwater:Formulation|Formulation]]<br />
:: 8.3 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Groundwater:Solution|Solution]]<br />
:: 8.4 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Groundwater:Assignment of Parameter Values|Assignment of Parameter Values]]<br />
:: 8.5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Groundwater:Boundary Conditions|Boundary Conditions]]<br />
:: 8.6 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Groundwater:Coupling of the Saturated Zone Model with the Richards' Equation Model of the Unsaturated Zone|Coupling of the Saturated Zone Model with the Richards’ Equation Model of the Unsaturated Zone]]<br />
:: 8.7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Groundwater:Coupling of the Saturated Zone Model to the GAR Infiltration Model|Coupling of the Saturated Zone Model to the GA Type Infiltration Models]]<br />
</onlyinclude></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=File:Icon_Perspective_View.png&diff=4276File:Icon Perspective View.png2009-08-10T16:22:40Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
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<div>{{Template:NavEditInstructions|7|Infiltration|Infiltration}}<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<onlyinclude><br />
:7 [[Infiltration:Infiltration|Infiltration]]<br />
:: 7.1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Infiltration:Richards’_Equation|Richards’ Equation]]<br />
:: 7.2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Infiltration:Green and Ampt (GA)|Green and Ampt (GA)]]<br />
:: 7.3 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Infiltration:Multi-layer Green and Ampt|Multi-layer Green and Ampt]]<br />
:: 7.4 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Infiltration:Green and Ampt with Redistribution (GAR)|Green and Ampt with Redistribution (GAR)]]<br />
:: 7.5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Infiltration:Parameter Estimates|Parameter Estimates]]<br />
</onlyinclude></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Infiltration:Richards%92_Equation&diff=42532009-08-06T22:07:03Z<p>Eshaw: Created page with '__NOTOC__ Detailed modeling of the soil water profile in the vadose, or unsaturated zone, is a key addition in the GSSHA model. It is this dynamic area that controls the flux of...'</p>
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<div>__NOTOC__<br />
Detailed modeling of the soil water profile in the vadose, or unsaturated zone, is a key addition in the GSSHA model. It is this dynamic area that controls the flux of water between the surface and groundwater and partitions rainfall into infiltration, runoff, groundwater recharge and ET. The most rigorous way to model these complicated and integrated phenomena is to use Richards’ equation in the solution of the problem. While many have described RE as being infeasible for use in hydrologic predictions the equation has been successfully used in field scale and watershed scale models of soil moisture and runoff (Lappala et al., 1987; Hutson and Waggenet, 1989; Dawes and Hatton, 1993; Refsgaard and Storm, 1995; and others). Simpler methods, such as GA and GAR, which are approximations of RE do not provide detailed soil moisture profiles or simulate the movement of water from the groundwater to the unsaturated zone. Accurate representation of layered soils or soils with a water table difficult is also difficult with these approximations (Short et al., 1995). To simulate infiltration with Richards equation use the '''INF_RICHARDS''' option in the project file.<br />
<br />
Processes in the unsaturated zone important to surface water hydrology, infiltration, ET, and groundwater recharge, are largely oriented in the vertical direction (Refsgaard and Storm, 1995). GSSHA solves the one-dimensional (vertical direction) head-based formulation of Richards’ equation<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation014.gif]] (14)<br />
<br />
where: <br />
: C is the specific moisture capacity,<br />
: [[Image:Psi.gif]] is the soil capillary head (cm), <br />
: z is the vertical coordinate (downward positive) (cm),<br />
: t is time (hr), <br />
: K ([[Image:Psi.gif]]) is the effective hydraulic conductivity (cm), <br />
: and W is a flux term added for sources and sinks (cm/hr). <br />
<br />
The head-based formulation allows solution of Richards’ equation in both saturated and unsaturated conditions (Haverkamp et al. 1977). The head-based approach has been successfully implemented in the field scale unsaturated flow models VS2D (Lappala et al., 1987), LEACHM (Hutson and Wagenet, 1989), and SWAP (van Dam and Feddes, 2000) and in the surface water hydrology models TOPOG_IRM (Dawes and Hatton, 1993) and MIKE SHE (Refsgaard and Storm, 1995). With a head-based formulation, rainfall, evaporation and groundwater recharge can all be modeled without a change in variable. Known mass balance problems associated with solution of the head-based formula (Celia et al. 1987; Ross, 1990; Pan and Wierenga, 1995; Celia et al. 1990) have largely been eliminated by the development of new solution techniques (Kirkland et al., 1992; Rathfelder and Abriola, 1994; Pan and Wierenga, 1995). <br />
<br />
In GSSHA, RE is solved using an implicit finite difference approach, which maps directly to the overland flow finite difference grid. The soil column below each overland flow cell is sub-divided into multiple unsaturated zone cells, Figure 9. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:Figure009.jpg|frame|none|Figure 9 - GSSHA representation of the unsaturated zone]]<br />
<br />
A 1-D approximation of the unsaturated zone imposes some limitations on the application of the model. Lateral flow in the unsaturated zone may be significant for a perched water table that does not extend to the soil surface. Lateral flow of unsaturated water may also occur in the absence of a perched water table (Zaslavsky and Sinai, 1981). Lateral flow in the unsaturated zone under either saturated or unsaturated conditions is most significant for steep slopes. Solution of the multi-dimensional RE is difficult and the additional computational burden is not commonly justified if the purpose of the model is to simulate surface water hydrology. Aspect ratio problems are also avoided because of the 1-D formulation employed. Other conditions in the unsaturated zone that are not explicitly simulated are macro-pores and hysteresis.<br />
<br />
==7.1.1 Discretization==<br />
<br />
The soil column must be sub-divided into cells to numerically solve Richards’ equation. The discretization used in the GSSHA model is shown in Figure 9. The soil column is defined in three layers, namely A, B, and C horizons. The soil properties and discretization can vary in each layer. Any size cell can be used in the discretization, however, if very large cells are used the solution may be poor. As discussed in Downer (2002a) and Downer and Ogden (2002b), cells on the order of 1 cm are generally needed in the top 10 cm of soil to accurately model the infiltration process. If larger cells are used in dry soils a large volume of water must be added to the cell before significant infiltration can occur because the hydraulic conductivity will be very low. This can result in significant underestimation of infiltration, as discussed in Downer (2002a) and Downer and Ogden (2002b). The grid size for each soil in the '''SOIL_TYPE_MAP''' in each soil layer is specified in the '''SOIL_LAYER_INPUT_FILE''' or in the Mapping Table.<br />
<br />
The solution scheme employed is implicit, central difference in space and forward difference in time, and is thus second order accurate in space, first order accurate in time. For j being the cell numbering scheme, increasing downward, such that j is the cell of interest, j-1 is the cell above, and j+1 is the cell below, and n represents the time level, Figure 9. The following discretization is used for non-boundary cells<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation015.gif]] (15)<br />
<br />
where: <br />
: C = water capacity, <br />
: [[Image:Psi.gif]] = pressure head in the cell (cm),<br />
: K = hydraulic conductivity in the cell (cm/hr),<br />
: W = source term (cm/hr),<br />
: &Delta;t = time step (hr), and<br />
: &Delta;z = grid size (cm).<br />
<br />
Values for variables represented between cells, or at the cell interface, are represented by ''j-1/2'' and ''j+1/2'' for the interfaces above and below, respectively. Inter-nodal distances, &Delta;z<sub>''j-1\2''</sub>, &Delta;z<sub>''j+1\2''</sub>, are defined as the distance between the center of cells j and j-1 and j and j+1, respectively, computed as:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation016.gif]] (16)<br />
<br />
Inter-cell hydraulic conductivities may be calculated two ways, an arithmetic weighting of the values or a geometric average. The inter-cell hydraulic conductivity weighting method is selected with the '''RICHARDS_K_OPTION''' project card with the argument being either ''ARITHMETIC'' or ''GEOMETRIC''; the default is ''ARITHMETIC''. In using the arithmetic weighting, a weighting factor, , is used to determine how much weight is placed on upper and lower cells. The value of is specified with the '''RICHARDS_WEIGHT''' project card; the default value is 1.0. If &alpha; = 1, then only the value from the j-1 cell is used; this is commonly referred to as backwards difference, or upwinding. If &alpha; = 0 only the j+1 value is used. This is commonly referred to as forward difference, or downwinding. If &alpha; is 0.5 then equal weight is applied to both the j-1 and j+1 cells. Lappala (1981) recommends that backward difference be used for modeling the infiltration process. The geometric average is best when there are large changes in the hydraulic conductivity between cells and is generally applicable in all situations.<br />
<br />
==7.1.2 Non-linear Coefficients==<br />
<br />
In Richards’ equation, hydraulic conductivity and water capacity values are dependent on the water content of the cell. The method to describe these relationships must be specified with the '''RICHARDS_C_OPTION''' project card. The possible arguments are ''BROOKS'' for the Brooks and Corey method (1964) and ''HAVERCAMP'' for the Havercamp method (Havercamp et al., 1977). The Brooks and Corey method (1964) as extended by Hutson and Cass (1987) may be used to estimate relative hydraulic conductivity from the soil pressure head as: <br />
<br />
if [[Image:Psi.gif]] < [[Image:Psi.gif]]<sub>b</sub>[[Image:Equation017.gif]] (17)<br />
<br />
and if [[Image:Psi.gif]] > [[Image:Psi.gif]]<sub>b</sub> K<sub>r</sub> = 1.0 if <br />
<br />
where: <br />
K<sub>r</sub> is the relative hydraulic conductivity, <br />
[[Image:Psi.gif]]<sub>b</sub> is the air entry or bubbling pressure, <br />
and &lambda; is the pore-size distribution index, which is the inverse of the ratio of the length of flow path through the soil matrix to the straight line length. <br />
<br />
With the Havercamp method (Havercamp et al., 1977) as modified by Lappala et al. (1987) the relative hydraulic conductivity is calculated as: <br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation018.gif]] (18)<br />
<br />
where: A and B are parameters fitted to laboratory determinations of hydraulic conductivity at different soil pressure heads.<br />
<br />
The water capacity C is also dependent on the pressure head [[Image:Psi.gif]]. Water capacity is defined as the change in moisture with respect to head [[Image:del theta - del Psi.gif]]. For Brooks and Corey if [[Image:Psi.gif]] < [[Image:Psi.gif]]b the relationship between moisture content and head is expressed as<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation019.gif]] (19)<br />
<br />
where: [[Image:7.1.2Equation001.gif]], &theta; is the moisture content, &theta;<sub>r</sub> is the residual saturation, and &theta;s is the saturated moisture content, or porosity. Rearranging and taking the derivative with respect to head yields<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation020.gif]] (20)<br />
<br />
In the original formulation of Brooks and Corey, if [[Image:Psi.gif]] > [[Image:Psi.gif]]b, &theta; = s and C=0. This formulation permits changes in pressure head without a resulting change in water content for pressures greater than the bubbling pressure. Hutson and Cass (1987) extended the Brooks and Corey equation into the wet region where [[Image:Psi.gif]] > [[Image:Psi.gif]]b using the following formulation<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation021.gif]] (21)<br />
<br />
where: [[Image:7.1.2Equation002.gif]], and &theta;<sub>c</sub> is the critical moisture content, the moisture content where the curve changes from the standard Brooks and Corey curve to the modified curve of Hutson and Cass. The critical moisture content is defined as [[Image:7.1.2Equation003.gif]] with the corresponding critical pressure head: <br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation022.gif]] (22)<br />
<br />
The moisture content can then be represented as<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation023.gif]] (23)<br />
<br />
And, the water capacity is found by taking the derivative of the above equation.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation024.gif]] (24)<br />
<br />
For the Havercamp equations the relationship between the water content and the pressure head is<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation025.gif]] (25)<br />
<br />
where: &alpha; and &beta; are fitted parameters. According to Lappala (1981) the form of the equation can be expressed as:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation026.gif]] (26)<br />
<br />
Differentiating with respect to pressure yields the water capacity<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation027.gif]] (27)<br />
<br />
The relationship between soil moisture and suction head as represented by the different methods is shown in Figure 10.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Figure010.jpg|frame|none|Figure 10 – Water retention curves (BC – Brooks and Corey).]]<br />
<br />
==7.1.3 Evapo-transpiration Source Term==<br />
<br />
During long-term simulations potential evapo-transpiration (PET) is calculated by either the Penman Monteith (Monteith, 1965; 1981) or Deardorff (1977; 1978) equations and is applied to each soil column below the overland flow plane. Any water ponded on the surface of the overland flow cell is reduced up to amount of the PET. Any remaining PET demand is applied to cells in the unsaturated zone down to the specified root depth (Figure 9). The actual evapo-transpiration (AET) is distributed over the cells in the specified root zone in proportion to the size of each cell. The AET is computed from the PET by adjusting the PET for the soil moisture in each cell. AET depends on the soil moisture, hydraulic properties of the soil and plant characteristics. At water contents at or above the field capacity (&theta;<sub>fc</sub>) there is no stress on plants and AET is equal to PET (Shuttelworth, 1993; Dingman, 1994). The field capacity is the water content at which the suction pressure prevents gravity drainage of the soil. Field capacity is not an actually physically measurable quantity and there are many descriptions of the conditions that correspond to the concept of field capacity. At water contents below the wilting point, ''&theta;<sub>wq</sub>'', plant transpiration ceases and plants wilt (Dingman, 1994), and AET is zero. At intermediate points AET will depend on PET and the water content. Many relationships to relate AET to PET have been suggested (Dyck, 1983). In GSSHA AET is calculated from PET for water contents greater than the wilting point using the relationship <br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation 028.jpg]] (28)<br />
<br />
The appropriate equation depends on vegetation, climate, and soil type. If the exponent, ''P'', is 1 the relationship is linear, above 1 the curve is convex, and below 1 concave. Currently ''P'' is set to 1.0. Future versions will allow the power to be specified by the user to reflect the local conditions. The AET for each cell is added to the source term, W, for that cell in the RE solution.<br />
<br />
==7.1.4 Upper Boundary Condition==<br />
<br />
The upper boundary condition varies depending on the condition of the top cell: specified flux for no surface ponding, and specified pressure (head) when infiltration excess results in surface ponding. The first cell in the column, j=0 (Figure 9), is located above the ground surface, and a pressure is always specified for this cell. For a flux boundary condition, the pressure in the top cell is zero and the flux is added to cells via the source term, ''W''. For a head boundary the pressure in the top cell is equal to the depth of ponded water. The typical sequence of events is described below.<br />
<br />
At the beginning of simulations and at times between rainfall events there is typically no ponded water on the overland flow plane. The upper boundary condition for the unsaturated zone is a negative flux, equal to the AET of the top cell, cell 1 in Figure 9. When rainfall, runoff or some other source of water is added to the overland flow cell a flux boundary condition is initially specified for the RE solution. A flux equal to the depth of ponded water divided by the current time step is added to the source term, W, of the first non-boundary cell, cell 1 in Figure 9. New heads are calculated with this assumed flux. These heads are used to compute the inter-cell fluxes. The computed flux in cell 1 is compared to the source term. If the calculated flux is less than the specified (assumed) flux, then all the water cannot infiltrate into the soil column during the current time step. In this case, water ponds on the soil surface and the upper boundary is changed to a specified head, the head being the depth of ponded water. Heads are re-computed using the head boundary. To save computation time, the upper boundary condition remains a specified head until the overland flow cell becomes dry. At this point the boundary condition changes back to a specified flux, and remains a specified flux until infiltration capacity of the soil column is again exceeded. Water that enters the top cell is infiltration. Any water that does not infiltrate can become runoff or direct ET (DET).<br />
<br />
As discussed in Downer (2002a) and Downer and Ogden (2002b), the assignment of the hydraulic conductivity at the ground surface, K<sub>1/2</sub> between ''j''=0 and ''j''=1 (Figure 9), has important implications in determining infiltration, infiltration excess, and ET. Three methods, specified with the '''RICHARDS_UPPER_OPTION''' project card and the appropriate argument, can be used to compute the hydraulic conductivity at the ground surface. The default option, ''NORMAL'', is to use the cell-centered value of hydraulic conductivity in cell 1 (Figure 9). The cell-centered value of hydraulic conductivity is always used for a flux boundary condition. If the soil surface boundary condition is a head, hydraulic conductivity at the soil surface may be assumed to be the saturation value, selected by using the ''GREEN_AMPT'' argument, or an average of the saturation value and the cell-centered value, selected with the ''AVERAGE'' argument. The assumption is that there is always a very thin layer of saturated material at the soil surface any time water ponds. Either method results in increased infiltration compared to using the cell-centered value of hydraulic conductivity. As discussed in Downer (2002a) and Downer and Ogden (2002b), testing at two watersheds indicated either alternative method allows the use of larger cell sizes in the unsaturated zone without seriously affecting calculated hydrologic fluxes.<br />
<br />
==7.1.5 Lower Boundary Condition==<br />
<br />
Three different lower boundary conditions can be specified. When the groundwater table is far from the ground surface the lower boundary condition is a zero head gradient. Water entering the ''N-1'' cell in the soil column exits at the incoming rate (Figure 9). This boundary condition is valid when the water table is so deep that its effect on processes in the upper soil column is negligible, and is the default option when a '''WATER_TABLE''' is not specified by the user. The lower boundary can also be a fixed water table, specified with the '''WATER_TABLE''' project card that specifies the name of a map containing starting groundwater elevations. When a fixed water table is simulated the top of the last cell, ''N'', is just at the surface of the saturated groundwater (Figure 9). The pressure at the top of the cell is zero, and the pressure at cell’s center is positive, calculated as 0.5&Delta;Z<sub>N</sub> (Figure 9). This groundwater boundary fluctuates when saturated groundwater is simulated. For a moving water table, the size of the last non-boundary cell, ''N-1'', and the number of cells, ''N'', changes as the water table rises and falls (Figure 9). A moving water table is specified by using the '''GW_SIMULATION''' card in the project file, and then supplying the required saturated groundwater inputs.<br />
<br />
The unsaturated zone does not include the saturated zone. The flux between the saturated and unsaturated zones is calculated as part of the overall unsaturated solution. This separation of the saturated and unsaturated zones helps in determining mass balance errors and maintaining mass balance in both the saturated and unsaturated zones because water is either in one zone or the other. When water crosses the boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones it is removed from one zone and placed in the other. Mass balance errors can occur for a variety of reasons including: model formulation, spatial and temporal discretization used, solution technique, and abrupt changes in material properties. In GSSHA the mass balance for each compartment, overland, stream, unsaturated, saturated, are calculated independently and integrated to compute an overall mass balance. Mass balance errors in any compartment may be controlled by reducing time steps or increasing stability criteria, as needed. The methods used to link the saturated and unsaturated zones are further described in later sections.<br />
<br />
==7.1.6 Solution==<br />
<br />
Richards’ equation is highly non-linear because both the water capacity and the hydraulic conductivity depend on the pressure, or water content, of the soil. Numerical solution of RE requires some type of linearization. In GSSHA the RE is linearized by making the water capacity and inter-cell hydraulic conductivity constant during each time step. With flux updating of the heads, as described by Kirkland et al. (1992), this provides a stable, accurate, and mass conserving solution for most conditions.<br />
<br />
For ''N'' cells including the upper and lower boundary cells, ''N-2'' equations are needed. The well-known Thomas algorithm (Thomas, 1949) is efficient for solution of the resulting tri-diagonal matrix. After solving for heads in each cell, flux updating (Kirkland et al., 1992) synchronizes the heads and soil moistures, and improves the mass balance. Fluxes (cm hr-1) across the top face of each cell, f<sub>j-1/2</sub>, are computed as:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation 029.gif]] (29)<br />
<br />
These are used to compute the change in water content of each cell as<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation 030.gif]] (30)<br />
<br />
The new water content is<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation 031.gif]] (31)<br />
<br />
Once the water content in each cell is updated, pressure heads in each cell are calculated based on the head-moisture content relationship and used in the next time step. Kirkland (1991) found it necessary to restrict flux updating to cells that were both unsaturated and not immediately adjacent to saturated cells. Testing by the authors confirms this needed restriction. The reason for this requirement is that in saturated cells, head changes can occur without a change in water content. This deficiency in the formulation can cause errors in the solution and the mass balance. In this case, iterating on ''K<sub>r</sub>'' and ''C'' can produce substantial improvements in accuracy and mass balance.<br />
<br />
The maximum number of iterations is specified by the user using the '''RICHARDS_ITERMAX''' project card, the default being one. While iterating on the hydraulic conductivity and water capacity will almost always improve the solution and mass balance to some extent, iterating is particularly useful anytime there are saturated cells in the unsaturated zone. Cells can become saturated when large changes in material properties exist between adjacent layers, when the upper boundary condition is a head, and when the saturated groundwater is rapidly rising. Experience indicates that when the top boundary is the head condition, the accuracy and mass balance are always improved by iterating on the non-linear coefficients. When the top boundary condition is a head the maximum number of iterations changes from the default to five, unless the user has specified more iterations.<br />
<br />
Picard iterations (Celia et al., 1990) are used anytime the user specifies iterations or the upper boundary condition is a head. Heads at the ''n+1'' time level are first calculated using values of ''K<sub>r</sub>'' and ''C'' from the ''n'' time level. Water contents are calculated based on the fluxes, and heads are updated based on the water contents. ''K<sub>r</sub>'' and ''C'' are then calculated based on the updated values of head and water content. The water contents and heads are set back to the ''n'' time level values and ''K<sub>r</sub><sup>n+1</sup>'' and ''C<sup>n+1</sup>'' are used to compute values of head at the ''n+1'' time level. The procedure is repeated until the convergence criterion is met or the maximum number of iterations is reached. The convergence criterion is applied independently to each soil column. The convergence criterion is the difference in head between iterations. The error is adjusted for the head in each cell because the error is most important for wet cells, where a small absolute error in head can cause a large error in the solution. The error for each cell is expressed as<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation 032.gif]] (32)<br />
<br />
where k expresses the iteration number, which should not be confused with n, which represents the time level. Iterations for a particular soil column cease once the maximum change in head is less than 1 mm.<br />
<br />
==7.1.7 Time Step Limitation==<br />
<br />
Because the discretization is implicit there is no inherent stability criteria for the scheme. However, a time step limitation is desirable to keep the scheme accurate and mass conserving. The time step limitation in GSSHA is adapted from Belmans (1983). The time step is limited such that a maximum change in water content, &Delta;''&theta;<sub>allow</sub>, is not exceeded. If the maximum change in water content in any cell, &Delta;''&theta;<sub>max</sub>, exceeds &Delta;''&theta;<sub>allow</sub> the time step is reduced so that an exceedance during the next time step is not likely. The following limitation is used<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation 033.gif]] (33)<br />
<br />
The maximum allowable change in water content is specified by the user, with a suggested range of 0.002 to 0.03 (Belmans, 1983). Smaller limitations will result in longer simulation times. In GSSHA each soil column has its own time step limitation computation. This can greatly increase the speed of the model when rapid changes in water content occur in only a few soil columns. In this case, &Delta;''t'' for these few soil columns may be very small while &Delta;''t'' for the bulk of the soil columns in the watershed is still very large in comparison. The time step is limited by specifying the maximum water content change allowable with the '''RICHARDS_DTHETA_MAX''' project card; the default value is 0.025.<br />
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<div></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Constituents:Point_and_Non-point_sources&diff=4151Constituents:Point and Non-point sources2009-08-03T21:39:00Z<p>Eshaw: /* Channel Point Sources */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Point and Non-point Sources ==<br />
<br />
<br />
In addition to the point sources described in the transport section, there is method for specifying time varying point and non-point sources. These point and non-point sources are set up as discrete entries in the point/non-point source file. All of the point and non-point sources are specified as having time varying flows and either 1) a time varying mass input or 2) time varying concentration inputs. To create a constant flow, mass, or concentration, simply put a single time value in the time series. All of these time series will need to be set up in a time series file or files and those files specified in the project file. For more information, see the section of the manual on time series formats.<br />
<br />
==Project Card==<br />
The project card for the point/non-point source file is:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
SOURCE_FILE "filename.src"<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
==File Header==<br />
The first line of the file should be a header line identifying the file:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
CONSTITUENT_SOURCEFILE<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
==File Organization==<br />
<br />
The point/non-point source file first sets up specific names for each the point and non-point source spatial distributions. There should be at least one link/node or cell in the distribution file, and there may be more than one (for point sources). For overland point sources, use the SOURCECELLS card and use SOURCENODES for the stream sources. For overland non-point sources, use the SOURCEGRID card.<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
SOURCECELLS "source_name" "distribution_file_name.ext"<br />
SOURCENODES "source_name" "distribution_file_name.ext"<br />
SOURCEGRID "source_name" "distribution_index_map.ext"<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
The distribution file is described below.<br />
<br />
After the SOURCECELLS and SOURCENODES cards come the point source and non-point source records<br />
<br />
==Point Sources==<br />
Point sources are for inputs that are part of some flow into the domain. These would be outfall points or similar things. The flow specified in the point sources is added to the model as a source into either the overland domain or the stream domain, depending on the type of source chosen (what source type "source_name" is,) and the mass/concentration added to the mass/concentrations of the constituent in the location(s) specified by the "source_name."<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
POINTSOURCE "source_name"<br />
FLOW "ts_name"<br />
[constituent_card] [inputs…] <br />
[constituent_card] [inputs…] <br />
[constituent_card] [inputs…] <br />
… <br />
END_POINTSOURCE<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Where the constituent cards and their inputs are from the following<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
NO2_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
NO2_CONC "concentration time series name"<br />
NO3_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
NO3_CONC "concentration time series name"<br />
NH4_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
NH4_CONC "concentration time series name"<br />
ON_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
ON_CONC "concentration time series name"<br />
OP_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
OP_CONC "concentration time series name"<br />
DP_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
DP_CONC "concentration time series name"<br />
ALG_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
ALG_CONC "concentration time series name"<br />
CBOD_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
CBOD_CONC "concentration time series name"<br />
DO_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
DO_CONC "concentration time series name"<br />
GENERIC_MASS [constituent #] "mass time series name"<br />
GENERIC_CONC [constituent #] "concentration time series name"<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Masses are specified in units of kg, while concentrations are specified in units of mg/l.<br />
<br />
==Non-point Sources==<br />
The non-point sources are for loadings that are not dependant upon flow but rather are simply placed across the land surface. Thus, All non-point source loadings are masses, not concentrations. There are two types, instantaneous and continuous. For the continuous loadings, the units are in kg/day/m2. For the instantaneous loadings, the entries in the time series should be just the times of application, and the values should be in units of kg/m2. <br />
<br />
Non-point sources due to rainfall are not handled in this file; see the nutrient mapping tables for more information.<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
NONPOINTSOURCE “source_name”<br />
[IS_INSTANT]<br />
[constituent card] [inputs…]<br />
[constituent card] [inputs…]<br />
[constituent card] [inputs…]<br />
…<br />
END_NONPOINTSOURCE<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Where the constituent cards and their inputs are from the following<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
NO2_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
NO3_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
NH4_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
ON_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
OP_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
DP_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
ALG_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
CBOD_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
DO_MASS "mass time series name"<br />
GENERIC_MASS [constituent #] "mass time series name"<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
==Point Source Distribution File==<br />
The point source distribution file is straightforward. On the first line is the number of cells or nodes, and the following lines either state the cell I and J values or the link and node.<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
[# point source locations]<br />
[cell I or link] [cell J or node]<br />
[cell I or link] [cell J or node]<br />
[cell I or link] [cell J or node]<br />
…<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
==Channel Point Sources ==<br />
Point source inputs for channels are described in Section 5.7.<br />
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<hr />
<div>There are a few files that specify the nutrient models setup outside of the mapping table files (.cmt, .smt). These are primarily the aquifer environment file and the point source file.<br />
<br />
These file formats are for GSSHA v3.0b and later.<br />
<br />
<br />
== The Aquifer Environment File ==<br />
<br />
The aquifer environment file is set up to look much like a mapping table. The file has the header<br />
<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
AQUATIC_ENV_NSM10<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
followed by two index map specifier cards. These index maps do not need to be referenced in the mapping table files to be valid here.<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
OV_MAP "ov_map.idx" "map name here"<br />
ST_MAP "st_map.idx" "map name here"<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
These index map specifiers are followed by the more typical mapping table entries:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
NUM_IDS ##<br />
Text line .....<br />
ID ##<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
The main difference here being that the ID lines do not have a list of parameter values, but rather the parameter values follow on the next line or lines.<br />
<br />
There are two options for specifying the aquifer environment paramter values. The first is to simply put:<br />
<br />
<pre>DEFAULT</pre><br />
<br />
on the line following the ID. This assumes that all default parameter values are applicable. The other option is to specify all of the parameter values. This comprises 11 lines of values.<br />
<br />
...<br />
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<div>=ll.2 Transport Formulations=<br />
<br />
The methods used in transporting reactive constituents in GSSHA for the overland flow plane and channels are descibed in Downer and Byrd 2007.<br />
<br />
[[media:TMDL_TN.pdf|TMDL TN]]<br />
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<div>The final step in a complete watershed model is contaminant transport. If the model properly simulates both flow and sediments, it will likely be able to correctly simulate reactive transport as well, since the proper flow conditions are being simulated in the model. As discussed in Section 11, contaminants may be simulated as simple first order reactants, or nutrients may be simulated using the NSM. Use of first order constituents requires that the user have explicit information about the contaminants being simulated, and appropriate reaction rates, as the user must supply all the reaction rates for the model. Since the user has complete control to specify the rates, the user has great latitude in calibrating the constituent transport model. When using NSM, many different reactions occur. Most of the reaction rates are hidden from the user, and are calculated by NSM. Calibration of parameters is limited.<br />
<br />
The user is therefore required to determine which method is best for thier individual case. If nutrients are the contaminants of concern, then the NSM should obviously be considered first. If other contaminants need to be simulated, then they will need to be simulated as first order reactants. It should be noted that static kinetic rates, or even first order rates, may not be appropriate for the reactants being considered. In addition, while the simple constituents gives the user great latitude in specifying and adjusting rates to match observed data, the user must assure that the rates are reasonable for both the constituents and conditions being simulated. While conceptually simple, the application of the simple constituents actually requires more knowledge about the constituents (i.e. chemisty) than the use of NSM, where the expert knowledge of the contaminants (phosphorous and nitrogen) has been programmed into the method.<br />
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<hr />
<div>'''This tutorial is compatible with:'''<br />
* '''WMS Version 8.1 and later'''<br />
* '''GSSHA Version 3.0b and later'''<br><br><br />
<font color= "red">'''Disclaimer: GSSHA tutorial exercises do not represent real world conditions'''<br><br></font><br />
<br />
==Initial Basin Setup==<br />
<br />
To start a GSSHA™ model, you must have a digital elevation model and a boundary polygon for the watershed. For this tutorial we will use a DEM as the elevation model and also create the boundary polygon and the streams. WMS uses the DEM to interpolate cell elevations and the boundary polygon to select whether or not a cell is active (inside the basin) or inactive (outside the basin.) Unlike lumped parameter watershed models, the basin should not be subdivided into sub-basins. There should only be one basin boundary. The following steps are the same steps used to begin all watershed models in WMS. For more information, consult the WMS 8.0 Tutorials. <br />
<br />
Open the DEM (select the Judys_branch.hdr file in the DEM folder. At the ‘Importing NED BIL File’ dialog, click ‘OK’. When the convert coordinates now dialog pops up, say yes and then turn on the ‘Edit project coordinate system’. Convert from the Geographic NAD 83 to UTM NAD 83 and pick the UTM Zone 16.)<br />
# Click ‘OK’.<br />
# Highlight Watershed icon. [[Image:Icon_Drainage_Module.png]]<br />
# Use TOPAZ by selecting DEM | Compute TOPAZ Flow Data.<br />
# After running TOPAZ, locate the outlet. The outlet location is shown in the following figures. Using the zoom tool [[Image:Icon_Zoom.png]] zoom into the area shown in the following figure and locate the outlet.<br />
# Create an outlet point using the ‘create outlet’ feature [[Image:Icon_Create_Outlet.png]]. Make sure this point is on the ‘blue’ stream line.<br>[[Image:Figure001.png|frame|none|Figure 1. DEM contours of the area. The boxed area shows where the outlet should be located.]]<br>[[Image:Figure002.png|frame|none|Figure 2. A close up of the outlet area shown in Figure 1. The outlet feature node must be located on a DEM stream cell.]]<br />
# Create the Basin and Stream Arcs using the Delineate Basin Wizard. This is found in the DEM file menu. Use a threshold value of 0.2. The finished basin should look like the following figure.<br>[[Image:Figure003.png|frame|none|Figure 3. The watershed boundary after delineation by WMS and TOPAZ.]]<br />
# Save your project.<br />
<br />
==Initial Grid Setup==<br />
<br />
The basic GSSHA™ model begins with the basin boundary in the Drainage coverage and a DEM. It is helpful to have the streams already set up as well, but not necessary. In this step you are essentially telling WMS to take the boundary polygon and the DEM and create a 2D grid that fits the boundary and has an elevation data set that is interpolated from the DEM. For more information on selecting appropriate cell sizes see the GSSHA™ Primer. (http://chl.erdc.usace.army.mil/software/GSSHA™/Primer_20/wf_njs.htm)<br />
<br />
<br />
# Begin from Basin Setup (You can load the delin_basin.wpr file in the Finished_tutorials\delin_basin folder if you are starting from here.)<br />
# In the Map Module [[Image:Icon_Map_Module.png]], using the Select Polygon tool [[Image:Icon_Select_Polygon.png]], select the basin boundary polygon.<br />
# Select '''Feature Objects | Create Grid…''' (Select Yes for GSSHA™ grid.)<br />
# Select the second toggle, the one for base cell size, and enter 90 (meters.) Select OK. <br> [[Image:Figure004.png|frame|none|Figure 4. The Create Grid dialog in WMS. Select the second bullet and enter a base cell size.]] <br> <br />
# Hit OK on the Background Elev Interpolation dialog. <br> Hit Yes on the Delete Existing Background DEM dialog. The basin should now look like the following figure. <br> [[Image:Figure005.png|frame|none|Figure 5. The regular grid created for the GSSHA™ simulations.]] <br> You’ll notice in the data tree that the Drainage coverage has now changed name (and changed type as well) to the GSSHA™ coverage. A 2D Grid called new grid is also in the tree now. <br> [[Image:Figure006.png|frame|none|Figure 6. The Drainage coverage changed type to the GSSHA™ coverage and the 2D Grid Data now has a gridded data set group in it.]]<br><br />
<br />
==Job Control Setup==<br />
<br />
In the last step, the GSSHA™ Job Control parameters were initialized using the default values, which are mostly zero. It is best to start with some realistic values.<br />
# In the 2D Grid module [[Image:Icon_2DGrid.png]] select '''GSSHA™ | Job Control …'''<br />
# Enter an outlet slope of 0.001.<br />
# Enter a time step of 10 (seconds) and a total run time of 500 (minutes). <br> [[Image:Figure007.png|frame|none|Figure 7. The GSSHA™ Job Control dialog. To begin, you need to enter a total time, time step, and the outlet slope.]] <br><br />
# Select OK.<br />
<br />
==Uniform Index Map Setup==<br />
<br />
Once the Job Control parameters are set to more realistic values, there are two main areas to set up for overland flow. First, the overland flow roughness coefficients need to be set and secondly, the precipitation data needs to be specified. There are two parts to setting up the overland flow roughness coefficients; first an index map must be set up that describes the spatial variation of the roughness and secondly, the roughness values themselves must be set. We shall create a spatially uniform set of roughness values. <br />
<br />
# Select '''GSSHA™ | Maps…''' (Notice that an Index Map Folder was created when the grid was created.) This will bring up the GSSHA™ Index Maps dialog. <br> [[Image:Figure008.png|frame|none|Figure 8. The GSSHA™ index map dialog. Use this dialog to create index maps from GIS coverages.]] <br> <br />
# Select Data Calculator. This will bring up the Data Calculator dialog. <br> [[Image:Figure009.png|frame|none|Figure 9. The Data Calculator is used to create index maps containing uniform values.]] <br> <br />
# In the Expression box, type 1.<br />
# In the Result box, type Uniform<br />
# Check the ‘Index map’ option<br />
# Select Compute.<br />
# Then, select Done. This takes you back to the Index Map dialog.<br />
# Select Done.<br />
<br />
<br />
We have just populated an index map (a grid) with the value 1. If you expand the data tree you will notice that our new index map has been added to the index maps folder under the 2D grid folder.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Figure010.png|frame|none|Figure 10. Notice the new index map is placed in the index map folder.]] <br><br />
<br />
==Roughness Table Setup==<br />
<br />
Notice that when we made the index map we assigned a value of 1 to the whole map. The 1 is an index number, and we shall now relate the index number to a roughness coefficient. This is done through the mapping table.<br />
# Select '''GSSHA™ | Map Tables...'''<br />
# Select the Roughness tab.<br />
# In the Using Index Map combo box select “uniform”.<br />
# Select Generate IDs.<br />
# In the ID field, type 1<br />
# In the Surface Roughness edit field, enter a value of 0.1. <br> [[Image:Figure011.png|frame|none|Figure 11. The Mapping Table editor. This dialog sets up the bulk of the GSSHA™ input parameter for each process used.]] <br> <br />
# Select Done. <br />
<br />
The tabs on the Mapping Table dialog list some of the mapping tables that can be set up. We will set up other mapping table processes in future tutorials. Through these two steps we have set up the spatial variability of the roughness value (by assigning it the uniform index map) as well as assigned roughness values to the IDs in the map.<br />
<br />
==Setting the Uniform Precipitation==<br />
<br />
Besides the roughness, the precipitation must be set up in order to run the basic model. GSSHA™ can run multiple events in long-term mode only, so for now we will set up a single rainfall event. To simplify the process, we will set up a simple uniform precipitation event for a short duration.<br />
# Select '''GSSHA™ | Precipitation …'''<br />
# Select the ''Uniform Rainfall'' Option.<br />
# Enter the rainfall intensity of 10 (mm/hr).<br />
# Enter the rainfall duration of 60 (minutes). <br> [[Image:Figure012.png|frame|none|Figure 12. The GSSHA™ Precipitation dialog is used to set up both uniform events and gaged events.]] <br> <br />
# You can change the start date/time to be what you like.<br />
# Select OK.<br />
<br />
==Save the GSSHA™ Model==<br />
<br />
It is advisable to create a new folder each time a significant revision is made and save the project in it. Unfortunately, there is no way to make a new folder in the current save project file dialog and this must be done externally. Once you have made the new folder, if desired: <br />
<br />
# Select '''GSSHA™ | Save Project File…''' <br />
# Browse to the folder where you wish to save the project. <br />
# Enter file name. <br />
# Select '''Save'''. <br />
<br />
Typically, most of the files share a similar base file name and only differ in extension. The exceptions to the rule are the index maps, which all have the same extension and different base file names. The file names and extensions may be any name desired; the defaults given in WMS are merely convention, but they do aid in quickly identifying files when you are rummaging through them. The following table lists a few of the extensions used by convention. <br />
<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:Table1}}<br />
<br><br />
<br />
==Running the Model==<br />
<br />
# Select '''GSSHA™ | Run GSSHA™'''<br />
# Select OK. <br />
<br />
After looking through the output, you’ll notice that not a lot of water ran off the watershed. Often at this point in the development the simulation will not run to completion. The problem is usually due to digital dams. Digital dams are artificial depressions in the 2D Grid that cause water to pond. How to fix digital dams is the subject of a following chapter.<br />
<noinclude><br />
{{TutNav}}<br />
</noinclude></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Tutorials:8_Infiltration&diff=3965Tutorials:8 Infiltration2009-05-02T21:42:33Z<p>Eshaw: /* Setting up the index map */</p>
<hr />
<div>'''This tutorial is compatible with:'''<br />
* '''WMS Version 8.1'''<br />
* '''GSSHA Version 3.0b and later'''<br><br><br />
<font color= "red">'''Disclaimer: GSSHA tutorial exercises do not represent real world conditions'''<br><br></font><br />
<br />
Infiltration is a key loss mechanism in a watershed; no watershed model is complete without it. GSSHA™ has four different infiltration models. During this tutorial you will set up the inputs needed for the Green & Ampt with Soil Moisture Redistribution model.<br />
<br />
If you are starting at this tutorial, <br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>In the 2D Grid Module [[Image:Icon_2DGrid.png]] select '''GSSHA™ | Open Project File.'''</li><br />
<li>Browse to the Finished_tutorial\streams_embank folder.</li><br />
<li>Select the streams_embank.prj file and select Open.</li><br><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
==Index Map Setup== <br />
<br />
===Importing the Shapefile as a GIS Layer ===<br />
<br />
The first step that needs to be done is to set up an index map that describes the spatial variation in parameters needed by the infiltration model. We shall use a soil type shapefile from the SSURGO database of the area to create a soil type index map. Before we do anything with the shapefile in WMS, though, let’s look at it so that we know what we are working with. <br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Launch Microsoft® Excel®.</li><br />
<li>Select '''File | Open.'''</li><br />
<li>Browse to the Soils folder of the GSSHA™ tutorial data.</li><br />
<li>Using the control key, select both the soil_clip.dbf and IDs_for_WMS.dbf files. Select open.</li><br />
<li>If soil_clip.dbf is not the active worksheet change to it by selecting '''Window | soil_clip.dbf.'''</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
This is the attribute data that comes in the shape file. Notice that there are four parameters, ‘areasymbol’, ‘spatialver’, ‘musym’, and ‘mukey’. What WMS is looking for is a parameter that will serve as the soil type ID. There is not a suitable one in this file.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Switch to the IDs_for_WMS.dbf worksheet by selecting Window | IDs_for_WMS.dbf.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
This dbf (dbase IV) file has been created to provide the information that WMS needs for the soil_clip shapefile to be useful. Usually when setting up a GSSHA™ model the soils data base file needs to be manipulated so that it has a number that indicates a soil classification. Notice that the previous symbols are there, although the number of lines of data is greatly reduced. Additionally four parameters have been created, ‘newid’, ‘classifica’, ‘erosion’, and ‘descriptio’. Looking at the ‘classifica’ and ‘descriptio’ parameters we can see that the soils were grouped according to soil type classification.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
{{Tutorials:Table8}}<br />
</div><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
First we want to bring in the soil_clip shapefile as a GIS layer. You can close Excel® and switch back to WMS.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Select '''Edit | Current Coordinates...'''</li><br />
<li>Select ''Set Projection''.</li><br />
<li>Ensure the coordinate system is set to ''UTM, NAD83, Meters, Zone 16''.</li><br />
<li>Select ''OK''.</li><br />
<li>Select ''OK''.</li><br />
<li>Right-click on GIS Layers in the data tree.</li><br />
<li>Select Add Shapefile Data.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Browse to the Soils folder and open the soil_clip.shp shapefile. This shapefile is added as a GIS layer; however it is not “officially” part of your project.<br />
It can now be converted into a WMS coverage in a much simpler manner, however before we convert it to a WMS coverage, we want to join the IDs_for_WMS.dbf file to it.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Right-click on soil_clip.shp in the data tree.</li><br />
<li>Select Join Table To Layer.</li><br />
<li>Open the IDs_for_WMS.dbf file.</li><br />
<li>Under Shapefile Join Field select mukey.</li><br />
<li>Under table data field select classifica.</li><br />
<li>Select OK.</li><br />
<li>Right-click on soil_clip.shp in the data tree.</li><br />
<li>Select Open Attribute Table.</li><br />
<li>Make sure that the classifica field was added to the table and hit Ok.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
The next step is to create the soil type coverage in WMS to receive the polygons.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Right-click on Coverages in the data tree.</li><br />
<li>Select New Coverage…</li><br />
<li>Change the Coverage Type to Soil Type.</li><br />
<li>Hit OK.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Now we can convert the shapefile to a coverage.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Make sure the Soil Type coverage is the current active coverage by clicking on it in the Coverage list.</li><br />
<li>Select the soil_clip.shp GIS layer by clicking on it. This will change the active module to the GIS model [[Image:Icon_GIS_Module.png]].</li><br />
<li>In the GIS Module select, Mapping | Shapes -> Feature Objects.</li><br />
<li>Select Yes for use all shapes in visible shapefiles.</li><br />
<li>Select Next.</li><br />
<li>Scroll over to the Classifica column.</li><br />
<li>In the drop-down box that says ‘not mapped’ change it to be ‘SCS Soil type’</li><br />
<li>Hit Next and then Finish.</li><br />
<li>Wait for WMS to convert the shapefile into the coverage.</li><br><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
===Cleaning up the Soil Type Coverage===<br />
<br />
Let’s visualize the soil type coverage.<br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>In the 2D Grid Module [[Image:Icon_2DGrid.png]] select '''Display | Display Options.'''</li><br />
<li>Turn off all of the 2D Grid options except the boundary.</li><br />
<li>Click OK.</li><br />
<li>In the Data Tree, uncheck the land use and GSSHA™ coverages.</li><br />
<li>In the Data Tree, select the Soil Type coverage.</li><br />
<li>Select '''Display | Display Options.'''</li><br />
<li>Switch to the Map Data tab.</li><br />
<li>Under the Polygons field, turn on the Color Fill Polygons.</li><br />
<li>Select Soil Type Display Options.</li><br />
<li>Set up the colors and patterns to make them more visible. Pick colors similar to the following image. Select OK when you are done.</li><br />
<li>In the Points/Nodes area, turn off the Points/Nodes and the Vertices.</li><br />
<li>In the Legends field, turn on the Soil Type legend.</li><br />
<li>Select OK.</li><br><br />
[[Image:Figure031.png|frame|none|Figure 31. Initial soil types in the watershed.]]<br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Based on the earlier description of the soil types, soil type 1 is classified as a reworked residential area. Soil type 6 is classified as water. In order to assign soil properties to soil types 1 and 6 we will edit the polygons with these soil types and change them to have the the soil type of the neighboring polygons.</div><br><br />
<li>Using the Pan, Zoom, and Select Polygon tools change the soil polygon IDs for Soil ID 1 (cyan) and Soil ID 6 (blue) to be what their neighbors are. This is accomplished by double-clicking on the desired polygon. This will bring up the Soil type mapping dialog as shown in the figure below. The soil type ID is changed in the WMS soil ID field. Click ‘Apply’</li><br />
<li>Repeat step 14 for all the soil polygons of type 1 and 6.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
[[Image:Figure032.png|frame|none|Figure 32. Changing a soils type mapping.]]<br />
</div><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
===Setting up the index map===<br />
<br />
Now we can make an index map out of the soil type coverage. The index map will be used to describe the spatial variability of the infiltration parameters for the simulation.<br><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Switch to the 2D Grid Module [[Image:Icon_2DGrid.png]].</li><br />
<li>Select '''GSSHA™ | Maps…'''</li><br />
<li>For the coverage use the Soil Type coverage. Set the Coverage attribute to be ID. Do not use a second GIS data source.</li><br />
<li>Change the result name to Soil Type</li><br />
<li>Click on Coverages -> Index Map</li><br />
<li>Select Done.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Now we have an index map of the soils shapefile. Now we need to turn on the infiltration parameters in the Job Control.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>In the 2D Grid module [[Image:Icon_2DGrid.png]] select '''GSSHA™ | Job Control.'''</li><br />
<li>In the Job Control dialog change the infiltration option to Green + Ampt with Soil Moisture Redistribution.</li><br />
<li>Click OK.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Now we can set up the mapping tables for infiltration.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>In the 2D Grid Module [[Image:Icon_2DGrid.png]] select '''GSSHA™ | Map Tables….'''</li><br />
<li>Select the infiltration tab.</li><br />
<li>In the Using index map box choose Soil Type.</li><br />
<li>Select Generate IDs.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
The Generate IDs from Map button created three IDs, 2, 3, and 5. You will recall from when we created the land use index map that these three IDs came from the polygon IDs 2, 3, and 5. So the soil type index map ID #2 represents silt loam soils; the index map #3 represents silty clay loam; and the ID #5 represents silt.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Using the following table, enter the values for each parameter.</li><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
{{Tutorials:Table9}}<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Select the Initial Moisture tab in the process window.</li><br />
<li>In the Using index map combo box select the uniform map.</li><br />
<li>Select Generate IDs.</li><br />
<li>Enter a value of 0.3 for the initial moisture.</li><br />
<li>Click Done.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
You can now save the model and run.<br />
</div><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
==Visualization==<br />
<br />
Since no water ran off we can guess that it all infiltratated. But let’s check to make sure.<br><br />
<ol><br />
<li>In the data tree, under the solution that was just read in, double-click on the summary file.</li><br />
<li>Verify that there are no mass balance errors, check the amount that it rained and the amount that infiltrated, and close the file.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Since we need more water lets increase the precipitation.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>In the 2D Grid Module select GSSHA™ | Precipitation.</li><br />
<li>Increase the precipitation rate to 25 (mm/hr).</li><br />
<li>Select OK.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Let’s also turn on the infiltration output options.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Select GSSHA™ | Job Control</li><br />
<li>Select Output Control...</li><br />
<li>Turn on Cumulative Infiltration Depth and Infiltration Rate.</li><br />
<li>Select OK.</li><br />
<li>Select OK.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Save and run the simulation. You can now use the same techniques from Chapter 2 to visualize the infiltration data sets.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
One of the more interesting movies you can make is of the Infiltration Depth data set (To turn this dataset on, open the GSSHA Job Control window, click on Output Control, and toggle on the Cumulative Infiltration depth dataset. The two different soil types saturate at different rates and make for a pretty impressive movie.<br />
</div><br />
</ol><br />
<noinclude><br />
{{TutNav}}<br />
</noinclude></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=File:Figure028a.png&diff=3876File:Figure028a.png2009-03-12T20:31:09Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Tutorials:7_Break-point_Cross_Sections&diff=3875Tutorials:7 Break-point Cross Sections2009-03-12T20:29:51Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
<hr />
<div>'''This tutorial is compatible with:'''<br />
* '''WMS Version 8.1'''<br />
* '''GSSHA Version 3.0b and later'''<br><br><br />
<font color= "red">'''Disclaimer: GSSHA tutorial exercises do not represent real world conditions'''<br><br></font><br />
<br />
Not only does the GSSHA™ model allow you to define trapezoidal cross sections, it also allows you to import cross sections from survey data. Using cross section data can make your model more realistic, and help you achieve better calibration. The process is relatively simple, and the following exercise will show you how this can be done. <br />
<br />
<br />
If you are beginning at this tutorial:<br><br><br />
<ol><br />
<li>In the 2D Grid Module [[Image:Icon_2DGrid.png]] select '''GSSHA™ | Open Project File.'''</li><br />
<li>Browse to the Finished_tutorial\streams_longer folder.</li><br />
<li>Select the streams_longer.prj file and select Open.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Just as when we set up the trapezoidal cross sections for the streams, all of the stream tools are in the Map Module.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Select the Map Module [[Image:Icon_Map_Module.png]].</li><br />
<li>Click on the Select Arc tool [[Image:Icon_Select_Arc.png]].</li><br />
<li>Double-click on arc “#1” as defined in the following figure.</li><br />
<li>Toggle Irregular cross-section channel to enable the use of survey data.</li><br />
<li>Click on the '''Define Cross Section Parameters''' button.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
You should now see the XY Series Editor window, which is where you will enter the cross section data (notice the spreadsheet on the left side of the window, with columns labeled “X” and “Y”). The cross section data you will be entering into this spreadsheet is located in an Excel® file, which you will copy from and paste into the “XY Series Editor”.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Open the Excel® file “xsections.xls” in the Xsec_data folder.</li><br />
<li>Copy the data for cross section #1 located in cells “A2” to “B35” (this data corresponds to cross section #1 in the following figure.</li><br />
<li>Paste this data into the top-left cell of the WMS “XY Series Editor” spreadsheet by right-clicking on the cell and selecting “paste”.</li><br />
<li>Select OK, then OK again.</li><br />
<li>Double-click on arc “#2” as defined in the following figure.</li><br />
<li>Repeat steps 4 through 9, except this time copy the data from “#2” in the Excel® spreadsheet.</li><br />
<li>Repeat step 11 for the stream arcs #4, #8, #10, #12, #14, #16, #21, #23, #25, and #27 (we do not have survey data for all the streams).</li><br />
<li>All streams in the basin now have either survey geometry or trapezoidal geometry for their cross sections.</li><br />
<li>Save the GSSHA™ project by selecting the 2-D Grid Module [[Image:Icon_2DGrid.png]].</li><br />
<li>Click on the '''GSSHA™ | Save Project File.'''</li><br />
<li>Navigate to the folder you would like to save the project in.</li><br />
<li>Enter desired project name.</li><br />
<li>Click Save.</li><br />
</ol><br><br><br />
[[Image:Figure024.png|frame|none|Figure 24.]]<br><br />
<br />
==Adjusting the Stream Course==<br />
<br><ol><br />
<li>If you do not already have the background image displayed, display them now by selecting '''File | Open…''', navigating to the Judys_Branch_tutorial/Images folder, and opening all 21 carbon.jpg files. (You can filter them by typing *.jpg in the file name field before you select any.)</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
If we zoom in around the main freeway interchange we can see where the TOPAZ delineated streams do not follow the actual streams. Additionally, the natural stream course has been altered by the presence of the interchange.<br />
</div><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
[[Image:Figure025.png|frame|none|Figure 25.]]<br />
</div><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
We will adjust the stream course to reflect the true location of the stream.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Zoom in around the interchange shown in the above image.</li><br />
<li>In the Map Module [[Image:Icon_Map_Module.png]] select the Select Feature Vertex tool [[Image:Icon_Select_Vertex.png]].</li><br />
<li>Adjust the vertices of the arc to be similar to the following image.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
[[Image:Figure026.png|frame|none|Figure 26.]]<br />
</div><br> <br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Once the arc has been adjusted we need to make sure that the node spacing is right.<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Using the Select Feature Arc tool [[Image:Icon_Select_Arc.png]] select the stream arc.</li><br />
<li>Select '''Models | GSSHA | Smooth Stream Arcs.'''</li><br />
<li>Select Redistribute vertices...</li><br />
<li>Enter 90 as the spacing value. Select OK.</li><br />
<li>If needed, smooth the stream. Once you are done select OK.</li><br />
</ol><br><br />
<br />
==Adding an Embankment==<br />
<br />
One unique aspect of the Judy’s Branch basin is that it has a freeway bisecting it. This freeway acts as a barrier or embankment, which inhibits overland flow. To accurately model the basin, we need to take the embankment into account. The following exercise will show you how this can be done.<br><br><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Select the GIS module of WMS [[Image:Icon_GIS_Module.png]].</li><br />
<li>Right click on ''GIS Layers'' in the Project Explorer and select ''Add Shapefile Data...''</li><br />
<li>Browse to the Embankment folder, and open the ''EmbankmentArc.shp'' file.</li><br />
<li>Click the ''GSSHA'' Coverage to make it active</li><br />
<li>Click on the ''EmbankmentArc.shp'' file in the Project Explorer</li><br />
<li>Select '''Mapping''' | '''Shapes->Feature Objects'''</li><br />
<li>Click ''Yes'' to use all shapes</li><br />
<li>Click ''Next'', ''Next'', and ''Finish'' to map the Embankment Arc shapefile to a GSSHA Embankment Arc.</li><br />
<li>Toggle off the ''EmbankmentArc.shp'' file in the Project Explorer</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
You should see the embankment arc running across the center of the watershed. Although the embankment arc is shown in its proper geographic location, the elevations at each vertex need to entered manually. We'll adjust the vertex display settings to see them better. <br />
</div><br><br />
<li>Open the Display Options dialog</li><br />
<li>Click on ''Map Data'' in the left panel</li><br />
<li>Click on the button displaying the vertex icon and change the radius to '''5''' and the color to '''yellow'''.</li><br />
<li>Click OK to close the Display Options dialog.</li><br />
<li>Click on the ''GSSHA'' coverage to view the Map Tools</li><br />
<li>Choose the Select Feature Vertex tool.</li><br />
<li>Using Figure 27 as your guide, select each vertex of the embankment arc and assign it the corresponding elevation in the properties window on the right.</li><br><br />
<br />
[[Image:Figure027.png|frame|none|Figure 27. Embankment arc elevations at each vertex]]<br><br />
<li>Select the “Select Arc” tool [[Image:Icon_Select_Arc.png]].</li><br />
<li>Double click on the embankment arc to bring up the ''Feature Arc Properties'' window</li><br />
<li>Click the ''Edit Embankment Profile'' button.</li><br />
<li>View the embankment arc profile and notice the two ending points of the embankment arc are still zero.</li><br />
<li>Click ''OK'' to close the ''Embankment Arc Profile Editor''</li><br />
<li>Click ''OK'' to close the Feature Arc Properties window</li><br><br />
<br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
Since we created the embankment arc using a shapefile, the embankment arc nodes did not snap to the watershed boundary. First we'll snap the embankment arc to the watershed boundary, then we'll assign elevations at the two nodes.<br />
</div><br><br />
<br />
<li>Choose the ''Select Feature Vertex'' tool</li><br />
<li>Right click on the vertex that lies on top of the node where the embankment arc meets the watershed boundary</li><br />
<li>Select ''Clean''</li><br />
<li>Click ''OK'' in the Clean dialog</li><br />
<li>The embankment arc node is hidden by the watershed boundary. Click again in the same spot as the vertex. WMS will then snap the vertex and node together.</li><br />
<li>Repeat for the node on the opposite end of the embankment arc</li><br />
<li>Choose the ''Select Feature Node'' tool.</li><br />
<li>Click on the node where the embankment arc meets the watershed boundary</li><br />
<li>For the node on the left side of the watershed, assign an elevation of '''165'''.</li><br />
<li>For the node on the right side of the watershed, assign an elevation of '''178'''.</li><br />
<li>Choose the ''Select Arc'' tool.</li><br />
<li>Double click on the embankment arc.</li><br />
<li>Click the ''Edit Embankment Profile'' button to view the embankment profile. Notice the profile looks much smoother now.</li><br />
<li>Click ''OK'', and ''OK'' to return to the WMS window</li><br><br />
<br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
WMS uses the embankment arc to define cells edges as overland flow barriers. You can view these cell edges in the Display Options dialog .<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>In the 2D Grid module [[Image:Icon_2DGrid.png]] select '''Display | Display Options…'''</li><br />
<li>Turn on embankments and cells. Click OK.</li><br />
<li>Zoom in on the embankment arcs.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
You should see the cell edges nearby highlighted in red. These red edges are the actual embankments that GSSHA™ uses. If there are any gaps in the embankment edges, you will need to adjust the embankment arcs accordingly. Note, if the embankment arc, a black line by default, coincides with one of the cell edges it may appear that the line is broken when in fact it is continuous. An example of this is shown in the second image below. If the embankment arc is broken, an entire cell will lack the red highlighting. For example, if you see a problem similar to the first image below. '''(if you have done everything correctly, you will probably not need to do this)''':<br />
</div><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
[[Image:Figure028.png|frame|none|Figure 28.]] [[Image:Figure028a.png|frame|none|Figure 28a - Embankment arc crossing highlighted cell edges giving the false appearance of a broken embankment arc.]]<br />
</div><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
It is because the embankment arcs are not snapped together or do not extend far enough. To fix the problem:<br />
</div><br><br />
<li>In the Map Module [[Image:Icon_Map_Module.png]], zoom in on the problem spot.</li><br />
<li>Using the Select Feature Node [[Image:Icon_Select_Node.png]] tool select the end node on either of the arcs that do not connect.</li><br />
<li>Right-click on the selected node, select the clean command, make sure the option to snap selected nodes is on, and select OK.</li><br />
<li>At the lower left corner of the screen, you are prompted to select a snapping point. You should select the end point of the other arc for snapping. After selecting this point, the arcs will snap together.</li><br />
<li>Select the Refresh button [[Image:Icon_Refresh.png]] to update the display of your embankment cells.</li><br />
</ol><br><br />
<br />
==Adding Structures== <br />
<br />
Due to the embankment we created in the previous exercise, water from the top half of the model will only be able to reach the outlet by flowing through the streams that pass through the embankment. To control the amount of water that passes through the stream at the embankment we will create a structure (in this case a culvert), at a node where the stream arcs intersect the embankment. The following steps outline how this is to be done.<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Select the map module [[Image:Icon_Map_Module.png]].</li><br />
<li>Pick the Select Feature Point/Node tool [[Image:Icon_Select_Node.png]].</li><br />
<li>Using the figures below as a reference, double-click on the point (node) where the two streams intersect and cross the highway.</li><br><br />
[[Image:Figure030.png|frame|none|Figure 30.]]<br><br />
<li>In the “Node Type” section of the Feature Node Attributes dialog, click on the drop down box and select Link Break.</li><br />
<li>In the Hydraulic Structure and Curves section of the Feature NodeAttributes dialog, click on the Culvert button to add</li><br />
<li>Click on the word “Culvert 1” that appears in the text box below “Hydraulic Structures and Curves”.</li><br />
<li>Select the drop-down box next to culvert type and select “Rectangular”.</li><br />
<li>Enter the following values to define the culvert:</li><br><br />
{{Tutorials:Table7}}<br><br />
<li>Click OK.</li><br />
</ol><br><br />
Once you have finished the culvert, save the model and run it.<br />
<noinclude><br />
{{TutNav}}<br />
</noinclude></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Introduction:Preface&diff=3823Introduction:Preface2009-02-26T21:08:05Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
<hr />
<div>== PREFACE ==<br />
<br />
<br />
The work described in this report was authorized by Headquarters, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Funding for this report was provided by the Hydrologic Systems Branch, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL), Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) and the System Wide Water Resources Program (SWWRP). At the time of preparation, Mr. Earl Edris was the chief, Hydrologic Systems Branch, CHL, ERDC.<br />
<br />
This report was prepared by Dr. Charles W. Downer, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory (CHL) Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC), Dr. Fred L. Ogden, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, and Mr. Aaron Byrd USACE-ERDC-CHL. <br />
<br />
This report was prepared under the general supervision of Mr. Earl Edris, Chief, Hydrologic Systems Branch, CHL, ERDC. Mr. Tom Richardson was Director of CHL. Dr. Steve Ashby (EL) was the SWWRP program manager. The report was reviewed by Dr Mark Jourdan, CH-HW and Dr Jeffery D. Jorgeson, CH-HW.<br />
<br />
At the time of publication Dr. Jim Houston was ERDC Director. <br />
<br />
This document and the software GSSHA are products of the Watershed Systems Group, Hydrologic Systems Branch, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, Engineer Research Development Center. For more information about GSSHA, contact:<br />
<br />
<br />
:::::Barbara Parsons<br />
:::::Hydrologic Systems Branch<br />
:::::Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory<br />
:::::Engineer Research Development Center<br />
:::::3909 Halls Ferry Road<br />
:::::Vicksburg, MS 39180<br />
:::::http://chl.wes.army.mil/software<br />
<br />
<br />
This report should be cited as follows:<br />
<br />
Downer, C. W., Ogden, F. L., and Byrd, A.R. 2008, GSSHAWIKI User’s Manual, Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis Version 4.0 for WMS 8.1, ERDC Technical Report, Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, Mississippi.<br />
<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
{{Nav|Nav1}}<br />
</noinclude></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Introduction:Introduction&diff=3822Introduction:Introduction2009-02-26T21:06:32Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
<hr />
<div>The Watershed Systems Group (WSG) within the Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory of the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) supports the US Army and the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) in both military and civil operations through the development, modification and application of surface and sub-surface hydrologic models. The Department of Defense (DoD) is also charged with managing approximately 200,000 km<sup>2</sup> of land within the United States on military installations and flood control and river improvement projects. The WSG provides the Army with predictions of stream flow and stage, inundated areas, saturated areas, soil moistures, groundwater levels, and contaminant fate and transport. Predictions are provided for anticipated changes in weather conditions, project alternatives and land-use changes. The WSG uses a variety of models that are supported by the DoD graphical user interfaces (GUI) Watershed Modeling System (WMS) (Nelson, 2001), Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) (Jones, 2001), and Surfacewater Modeling System (SMS) (Zundel, 2001). These GUIs are commonly referred to the XMS system. The XMS interfaces support a variety of model classes, from simple lumped-parameter runoff models, to 2-D overland, and 3-D unsaturated groundwater models.<br />
<br />
For many problems the distributed modeling approach may offer substantial potential improvement in capability compared with traditional lumped-parameter hydrologic models such as the USACE surface hydrologic model HEC-1 (USACE, 1985). The US Army, with additional support from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), funded the development of the physically-based, distributed parameter, Hortonian runoff model CASC2D (Ogden and Julien, 2002; Downer et al., 2002a). Past experience with CASC2D has been favorable when the model has been properly applied, i.e. when Hortonian flow is the dominant process (Doe and Saghafian, 1992; Doe et al. 1996; Ogden et al., 2000; Senarath et al., 2000; Downer et al., 2002a). CASC2D Version 1.18b is linked with WMS Version 5.1 (BYU, 1997a; 1997b), which greatly simplifies model setup, results analysis and visualization. The WSG and the US Army no longer support the development or application of the CASC2D model. CASC2D development continues at Colorado State Univerity.<br />
<br />
While Army experience with CASC2D has generally been favorable, there are many instances where the assumptions inherent in the CASC2D model limit its applicability (Senarath et al., 2000; Downer et al., 2002a). Figure 1 illustrates hillslope hydrology with an emphasis on the different runoff and streamflow generating processes. When saturation excess runoff, groundwater discharge to stream, exfiltration, etc., contribute significantly to the stream flow, the application of Hortonian runoff models is ill advised and can lead to erroneous results (Loague and Freeze, 1985; Loague, 1990; Grayson et al., 1992; Smith et al., 1994; Loague and Kyriakidis, 1997; Downer et al., 2002a).<br />
<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
{{Nav|Nav1}}<br />
</noinclude></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Test_Cases:Test_Cases&diff=3475Test Cases:Test Cases2008-09-25T15:49:05Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
<hr />
<div>This section is for test and example cases for GSSHA. There are two primary types of cases: 10x10 simulations that demonstrate specific functionality and full simluations that come from real projects. The 10x10 case should demonstrate how to set up specific features of GSSHA and will also be used for testing the latest release version. These simulations will be updated as features change and new features are added. The full simulations will be tied to a specific release; all full projects added to this site should include the GSSHA executable (and any associated libraries) so that the project can be run independantly in the future.<br />
<br />
<br />
== 10x10 Simulations ==<br />
*[[10x10_ov_flow|Overland flow]]<br />
*[[10x10_ov_flow_ret|Overland flow - Retention]]<br />
*[[10x10_ov_flow_int|Overland flow - Interception]]<br />
*[[10x10_ov-flow_wet|Overland flow - wetlands]]<br />
*[[10x10_ov_flow_emb|Overland flow - embankment]]<br />
*[[10x10_ov_flow_stm|Overland flow - storm surge]]<br />
<br />
<br />
*[[10x10_st_basic|Stream flow - trapezoidal cross-sections]]<br />
*[[10x10_st_bp|Stream flow - trapezoidal, break-point cross-sections]]<br />
*[[10x10_st_lake|Stream flow - lake, weir]]<br />
*[[10x10_st_culv|Stream flow - culverts]]<br />
<br />
<br />
*[[10x10_inf_gar|Infiltration - GAR]]<br />
*[[10x10_inf_rich|Infiltration - Richards]]<br />
<br />
<br />
*[[10x10_ET|Evapotranspiration]]<br />
<br />
<br />
*[[10x10_gw_basic|Groundwater]]<br />
*[[10x10_gw_st|Groundwater - stream interaction]]<br />
<br />
<br />
*[[10x10_lt|Long-term modeling]]<br />
*[[10x10_lt_gw|Long-term modeling - groundwater]]<br />
<br />
<br />
*Sediment - 1 grain size<br />
*Sediment - 3 grain sizes<br />
*Sediment - 5 grain sizes<br />
<br />
<br />
*Constituent fate and transport - 1 simple constituent<br />
*[[10x10_ctf_2s|Constituent fate and transport - 2 simple constituents]]<br />
*Constituent fate and transport - NSM constituents<br />
*Constituent fate and transport - 1 simple constituent, NSM constituents<br />
*Constituent fate and transport - CTT&F constituents<br />
<br />
<br />
== Project Simulations ==<br />
<br />
*Goodwin Creek<br />
<br />
* [http://wmstutorials.aquaveo.com/Park_City_Tutorials.zip GSSHA™ Park City Training Tutorials (zip file)]</div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Utility_Programs:CleanDam&diff=3473Utility Programs:CleanDam2008-09-25T12:52:16Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
<hr />
<div>CleanDam is a program that is used for removing depressions in your GSSHA grid<br />
<br />
* [[Pre-Processing:Editing the Grid to Correct Elevation Errors|Editing grids to correct elevation errors]]<br />
<br />
* [http://wms.aquaveo.com/CleanDam.zip Download CleanDam]</div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Obtaining_Data:Sample_Values&diff=3217Obtaining Data:Sample Values2008-08-06T18:41:26Z<p>Eshaw: /* Weirs */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Overland Parameters ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /><br />
<table class="collapsible collapsed" style="border-top: thin solid black; border-bottom: thin solid black;" width="800px"><br />
<tr><th>TABLE 17.17 Adjustment for the Erodibility Factor (K)</th></tr> <br />
<tr><br />
<td><br />
<ol><br />
<li>For soils with high very fine sand content of greater than 15% <br />
<ol><br />
<li>For soil textures coarser than loam (represented by the shaded area in the nomograph), subtract 5% from the percentage of verv fine sand and add the difference to the silt content. The 5% remaining very tine sand should be added to the % total sand" </li><br />
<li>For soil textures finer than loam (represented by the areas outside of the shaded area in the nomograph), subtract 10% from the % very fine sand and add the differenct to the silt content. The 10 % remaining very fine sand should be added to the % total sand. </li><br />
<li>Determine the K value from the nomograph using the corrected sand and silt contents </li><br />
</ol><br />
</li> <br />
<li>For soil conditions outside the ideal conditions used to develop the nomograph as follows: <br />
<ol><br />
<li>If organic matter content is different from 2%, add the correction values provided in the following table<br />
<br /><br /><br />
<table style="border-top: thin solid black; border-bottom: thin solid black; font: courier, monospace; text-align: center;"><br />
<tr><br />
<th colspan=2> &nbsp; </th><br />
<th colspan=4>Correction values when organic matter is<hr /></th> <br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th>K value</th><br />
<th>0%</th><br />
<th>1%</th><br />
<th>2%</th><br />
<th>3%</th><br />
<th>4%</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan=6><hr border="black" /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align: left">Greater than 0.40</td><br />
<td>+0.14</td><br />
<td>+0.07</td><br />
<td>0.00 </td><br />
<td>-0.07 </td><br />
<td>-0.14 </td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align: left">0.20-0.40 </td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
<td>+0.05</td><br />
<td>0.00 </td><br />
<td>-0.05 </td><br />
<td>-0.10 </td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td style="text-align: left">Less than 0.20</td><br />
<td>+0.06</td><br />
<td>+0.03</td><br />
<td>0.00</td><br />
<td>-0.03</td><br />
<td>-0.06</td> <br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
</li><br />
<li>if rock content greater than 15%. the following table is used to adjuSt the K values. Rock content is the amount of soil particles by volume greater than 2.0 mm.<br />
<br /><br /><br />
<table style="border-top: thin solid black; border-bottom: thin solid black; font: courier, monospace; text-align: center;"><br />
<tr><br />
<th> &nbsp; </th><br />
<th colspan=3>Correction values when rock content is about<hr /></th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<th style="text-align: left">K value</th><br />
<th>15-35%</th><br />
<th>35-60%</th><br />
<th>60-75%</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan=4><hr /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.10</td><br />
<td>+0.06</td><br />
<td>+0.05</td><br />
<td>+0.02</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.15</td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
<td>+0.05</td><br />
<td>+0.02</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.17</td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
<td>+0.05</td><br />
<td>+0.02</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.20</td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
<td>+0.05</td><br />
<td>+0.02</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.24</td><br />
<td>+0.15</td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
<td>+0.05</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.28</td><br />
<td>+0.15</td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
<td>+0.05</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.32</td><br />
<td>+0.17</td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
<td>+0.05</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.37</td><br />
<td>+0.20</td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
<td>+0.05</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.43</td><br />
<td>+0.24</td><br />
<td>+0.15</td><br />
<td>+O.1O</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.49</td><br />
<td>+0 28</td><br />
<td>+0.15</td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.55</td><br />
<td>+0.32</td><br />
<td>+0.17</td><br />
<td>+0.10</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>0.64</td><br />
<td>+0.37</td><br />
<td>+0.20</td><br />
<td>+0.15</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
</li><br />
<li>if soil structures are disturbed the following corrections are added to the K values.<br />
<br /><br /><br />
<table style="border-top: thin solid black; border-bottom: thin solid black; font: courier, monospace; text-align: center;"><br />
<tr><br />
<th>Soil structure</th><br />
<th>Corrections</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan=2><hr /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Very fine granular</td><br />
<td>-0.09<td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Fine granular</td><br />
<td>-0.06</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Moderate or coarse granular</td><br />
<td>-0.03</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
<br /><br />
</li><br />
<li>K corrections for permeability are provided as follows: <br />
<br /><br /><br />
<table style="border-bottom: thin solid black; border-top: thin solid black; font: courier, monospace; text-align: center;"><br />
<tr style="border-bottom: thin solid black"><br />
<th>Soil characteristics</th><br />
<th>Corrections</th><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td colspan=2><hr /></td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Compact soil or pH greater than 9.0</td><br />
<td>+ 0.03</td><br />
</tr><br />
<tr><br />
<td>Many medium or coarse pores</td><br />
<td>-0.03</td><br />
</tr><br />
</table><br />
</li><br />
</li><br />
</ol><br />
</ol><br />
</table><br />
Source: From Goldman et al. (1986).<br />
<br /><br />
<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="center collapsible collapsed" style="border-bottom: thin solid black; border-top: thin solid black;" width="500px"<br />
|- <br />
! colspan=3 | TABLE 17.18 &nbsp; Cropping Management Factor (C) Values for Various Types of Cover <hr /><br />
|- <br />
! width="400px" | Type of cover !! width="50px" | C !! Reduction, %<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | None (fallow ground) || 1.00 || 0<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Native Vegetation (undisturbed) || 0.01 || 99<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Temporary Seedings (90% stand)—after 60 days || 0.10 || 90<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 90% cover, annual grasses, no mulch<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wood liber mulch, 0.75 ton/acre, with seed || 0.50 || 50<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ryegrass (perennial type) || 0.05 || 95<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ryegrass (annulus) || 0.10 || 90<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Millet or Sudan Grass || 0.05 || 95<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Small Grain || 0.05 || 95<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Permanent Seedings (90% stand)<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; First 60 days || 0.40 || 60<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 60 to 365 days || 0.05 || 95<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; After 365 days || 0.01 || 99<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Sod (laid immediately) || 0.01 || 99<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Mulch (rate of application in tons/ac)<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hay at 0.5 ton/ac || 0.25 || 75<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hay at 1.0 ton/ac || 0.13 || 87<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Hay at 1.5 tons/ac || 0.07 || 93<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hay at 2.0 tons/ac || 0.02 || 98<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Small Grain Straw at 2.00 tons/ac || 0.02 || 98<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Straw at 1.5 tons/ac, tacked down (for slopes up to 2:1) || 0.20 || 80<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Straw at 4.0 tons/ac, tacked down (for slopes up to 2:1) || 0.05 || 95<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wood Chips at 6.0 tons/ac || 0.06 || 94<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Wood Cellulose at 1.75 tons/ac || 0.10 || 90<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Fiberglass at 0.5 ton/ac || 0.05 || 95<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Asphalt Emulsion (1250 gal/ac) || 0.02 || 98<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Excelsior mat, jute (for slopes up to 2:1) || 0.30 || 70<br />
|}<br />
Unit conversion: 1 ton/ac = 2.267 t/ha.<br />
Sources: From Wanielista, 1978 and Goldman et ai. (1986).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="border-top: thin solid black; border-bottom: thin solid black;" <br />
|- <br />
! colspan=2 | TABLE 17.19 Cropping Management Factor (C)<br />for General Land Use <hr /><br />
|- <br />
! style="text-align: left;" | General land use !! style="text-align: left;" | C<br />
|- <br />
| Crop Land || 0.08<br />
|- <br />
| Pasture Land || 0.01<br />
|- <br />
| Forest Land || 0.005<br />
|- <br />
| Urban Land || 0.01<br />
|- <br />
| Other || 1.00<br />
|} <br />
Source: Wanielista (1978).<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="border-bottom: thin solid black; border-top: thin solid black;" <br />
! colspan=2 | TABLE 17.22 Erosion Control Practice Factors for Construction Sites <hr /><br />
|- <br />
! style="text-align: left;" | Surface condition !! style="text-align: left;" | P<br />
|- <br />
| Compacted and smooth || 1.3<br />
|- <br />
| Trackwalked along contour<sup>1</sup> || 1.2<br />
|- <br />
| Trackwalked up and down slope<sup>2</sup> || 0.9<br />
|- <br />
| Punched straw || 0.9<br />
|- <br />
| Rough, irregular cut || 0.9<br />
|- <br />
| Loose to 12-in (30-cm) depth || 0.8<br />
|}<br />
<sup>1</sup>Tread marks oriented up and down slope <br /><br />
<sup>2</sup>Tread marks oriented parallel to contours. <br /><br />
Source: From Goldman et al. (1986)<br />
<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="center thin collapsible collapsed"<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" width="400px" | Overland Roughness Table <br />
|- <br />
! Land Use or Cover !! Recommended n-Value !! Range<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Concrete or asphalt || 0.011<sup>a</sup> || 0.01-0.013<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Developed/industrial || 0.0137<sup>b</sup> || -<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Bare sand || 0.01<sup>a</sup> || 0.010-0.016<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Graveled surface || 0.02<sup>a</sup> || 0.012-0.03<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Bare clay-loam (eroded) || 0.02<sup>a</sup> || 0.012-0.033<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Gullied land || - || 0.320-0.357<sup>c</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Bare field - no residue || 0.05<sup>a</sup> || 0.006-0.16<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Range (natural) || 0.13<sup>a</sup> || 0.01-0.32<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Range (clipped) || 0.10<sup>a</sup> || 0.02-0.24<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Grass and pasture || - || 0.05-0.15<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Pasture || - || 0.235-271<sup>c</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Clover || - || 0.08-0.25<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Small grain || - || 0.1 -0.4<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Row crops || - || 0.07-0.2<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Cotton/soy || - || 0.246-0.261<sup>c</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Grass (bluegrass sod) || 0.45<sup>a</sup> || 0.39-0.63<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Short grass prairie || 0.15<sup>a</sup> || 0.10-0.203<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Dense grass || 0.24<sup>a</sup> || 0.17-0.30<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Bermuda grass || 0.41<sup>a</sup> || 0.30-0.48<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Forest || 0.192<sup>b</sup> || 0.184-198<sup>c</sup><br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Sparely vegetated || 0.150<sup>b</sup> || - <br />
|}<br />
<sup>a</sup>Engman (1986), <sup>b</sup>Downer, <sup>c</sup>Senarath et al (2000)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Wetland Parameters ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Stream Parameters ==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="thin collapsible collapsed" width="588px"<br />
|+ Table 12.2.1 Variation of Manning's Roughness Coefficients n with Bed Type <br />
|- <br />
! width="250px" | Bed characteristics !! Reference Manning's roughness coefficient n<br />
|- <br />
| colspan=2 | '''Sand:''' <br />
|- <br />
| Plane bed || align="center" | 0.011-0.020<br />
|- <br />
| Ripple bed || align="center" | 0.018-0.035 <br />
|- <br />
| Dune bed || align="center" | 0.020-0.035 <br />
|- <br />
| Standing waves || align="center" | 0.014-0.025 <br />
|- <br />
| Antidunes || align="center" | 0.015-0.035 <br />
|- <br />
| Gravel and cobbles: || align="center" | 0.020-0.030<br />
|- <br />
| Boulder || "Roughness varies greatly. Usually roughness increases<br />with decreasing flow depth, n can reach 0.1"<br />
|- <br />
| Vegetation || "Roughness varies greatly with the changes of density, <br />height, flexibility of vegetation, and the relative ratio <br />between flow depth and vegetative elements"<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=2 | "Bermuda, Kentucky, Buffalo grasses" || Flow depth more than 5 times vegetation height<br />n between 0.03 and 0.06<br />
|- <br />
| Flow depth the same or less than that of<br />vegetation height. 0.01-0.2<br />
|- <br />
| Extremely dense vegetation || "Vegetation height above flow depth, n can exceed 1"<br />
|- <br />
| colspan=2 | Natural sandy streams: <br />
|- <br />
| Clean and straight || align="center" | 0.025-0.04 <br />
|- <br />
| Winding and some weeds || align="center" | 0.03-0.05 <br />
|- <br />
| Mountain streams with boulders || align="center" | 0.04-0.1 <br />
|- <br />
| colspan=2 | align="center" | Floodplains: <br />
|- <br />
| Short grass || align="center" | 0.02-0.04 <br />
|- <br />
| High grass || align="center" | 0.03-0.05 <br />
|- <br />
| Dense willow, brush, etc. || align="center" | 0.05-0.20 <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| width="1000px"<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="center collapsible collapsed" <br />
! colspan=8 | Table of Particle Classifications <hr /><br />
|- <br />
! &nbsp; !! colspan=2 | Size, mm !! &mu;m !! Inches !! Tyler !! US. standard !! align="left" | Class<br />
|- <br />
| colspan=8 | <br />
<hr> <br />
|- <br />
| align="left" colspan=8 | Boulders and cobbles: <br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 4000-2000 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 160-80 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Very large boulders<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 2000-1000 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 80-40 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Large boulders<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1000-500 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 40-20 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Medium boulders<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 500-250 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 20-10 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Small boulders<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 250-130 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 10-5 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Large cobbles<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 130-64 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 5-2.5 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Small cobbles<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" colspan=8 | Gravel: <br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 64-32 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 2.5-1.3 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Very coarse gravel<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 32-16 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 1.3-0.6 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Coarse gravel<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 16-8 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 0.6-0.3 || 2 1/2 || &nbsp; || align="left" | Medium gravel<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 8-4 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 0.3-0.16 || 5 || 5 || align="left" | Fine gravel<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 4-2 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 0.16-0.08 || 9 || 10 || align="left" | Very fine gravel<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" colspan=8 | Sand: <br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 2-1 || 2.00-1.00 || 2000-1000 || &nbsp; || 16 || 18 || align="left" | Very coarse sand<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1-11/2 || 1.00-0.50 || 1000-500 || &nbsp; || 32 || 35 || align="left" | Coarse sand<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/2-1/4 || 0.50-0.25 || 500-250 || &nbsp; || 60 || 60 || align="left" | Medium sand<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/4-1/8 || 0.25-0.125 || 250-125 || &nbsp; || 115 || 120 || align="left" | Fine sand<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/8-1/16 || 0.125-0.062 || 125-62 || &nbsp; || 250 || 230 || align="left" | Very fine sand<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" colspan=8 | Silt: <br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/16-1/32 || 0.062-0.031 || 62-31 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Coarse silt<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/32-1/64 || 0.031-0.016 || 31-16 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Medium silt<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/64-1/128 || 0.016-0.008 || 16-8 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Fine silt<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/128-1/256 || 0.008-0.004 || 8-4 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Very fine silt<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" colspan=8 | Clay: <br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/256-1/512 || 0.004-0.0020 || 4-2 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Coarse clay<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/512-1/1024 || 0.0020-0.0010 || 2-1 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Medium clay<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/1024-1/2048 || 0.0010-0.0005 || 1-0.5 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Fine clay<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || 1/2048-1/4096 || 0.0005-0.00024 || 0.5-0.24 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || align="left" | Very fine clay <br />
|- <br />
| colspan=8 | <br />
<hr /><br />
|}<br />
Source: From Lane.<sup>78</sup><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
== Culvert & Weir Parameters ==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Infiltration Parameters==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="thin collapsible collapsed" width="515px"<br />
|- <br />
! colspan=5 | RICHARDS_EQN_INFILTRATION_BROOKS Parameters<br />
|- <br />
| Table Name || # Values || Parameter || Units || Typical Range<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=9 valign="center" | RICHARDS_EQN_INFILTRATION_BROOKS <br /><br />3 sets of values for each ID.<br />one set of values per line for each soil layer || rowspan=9 valign="center" | 9x3 || K<sub>s</sub> || cm/hr || 0.05 - 23.5<br />
|- <br />
| e || none || 0.4 - 0.55<br />
|- <br />
| &theta;<sub>r<sub> || none || 0.01 -0.1<br />
|- <br />
| &theta;<sub>i</sub> || none || &theta;<sub>r</sub> - e<br />
|- <br />
| &theta;<sub>wp</sub> || none || 0.03 - 0.25<br />
|- <br />
| d || cm || NA<br />
|- <br />
| &lambda; || none || 0.1 - 0.4<br />
|- <br />
| &Psi;<sub>b</sub> || cm || 5.0 - 100.0<br />
|- <br />
| &Delta;z || cm || 0.1 - 10.0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="thin collapsible collapsed" width="515px"<br />
|- <br />
! colspan=5 | RICHARDS_EQN_INFILTRATION_HAVERCAMP Parameters<br />
|- <br />
| Table Name || # Values || Parameter || Units || Range<br />
|- <br />
| rowspan=11 valign="center" | RICHARDS_EQN_INFILTRATION_HAVERCAMP<br /><br />3 sets of values for each ID<br />One set of values per line for each soil layer || rowspan=11 valign="center" | 11 x 3 || K<sub>s</sub> || cm/hr || 0.05 - 23.5<br />
|- <br />
| e || none || 0.4 - 0.55<br />
|- <br />
| &theta;<sub>r<sub> || none || 0.01 -0.1<br />
|- <br />
| &theta;<sub>i</sub> || none || &theta;<sub>r</sub> - e<br />
|- <br />
| &theta;<sub>wp</sub> || none || 0.03 - 0.25<br />
|- <br />
| d<sub>L</sub> || cm || NA<br />
|- <br />
| &alpha; || none || fit to curve<br />
|- <br />
| &Beta; || none || fit to curve<br />
|- <br />
| A || none || fit to curve<br />
|- <br />
| ''B'' || none || fit to curve<br />
|- <br />
| &Delta;z || cm || 0.1 - 10.0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Evapotranspiration Parameters==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed thin"<br />
|- <br />
! colspan=2 | Table A.l: Albedos of shortwave radiation for assorted types of vegetation/land-cover types<sup>a</sup> <br />
|- <br />
! width="50%" | Ground Cover !! width="50%" | Albedo<br />
|- <br />
| Snow || see Figures A.l and A.2<br />
|- <br />
| Fresh snow || 0.75-0.95<sup>b</sup>, 0.70-0.95<sup>c</sup>, 0.80-0.95<sup>d</sup>, 0.95<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Fresh snow (low density) || 0.85<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Fresh snow (high density) || 0.65<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Fresh dry snow || 0.80-0.95<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Pure white snow || 0.60-0.70<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Polluted snow || 0.40-0.50<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Snow several days old || 0.40-0.70<sup>b</sup>, 0.70<sup>c</sup>, 0.42-0.70<sup>d</sup>, 0.40<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Clean old snow || 0.55<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dirty old snow || 0.45<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Clean glacier ice || 0.35<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dirty glacier ice || 0.25<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Glacier || 0.20-0.40<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dark soil || 0.05-0.15<sup>b</sup>, 0.05-0.15<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry clay or gray soil || 0.20-0.35<sup>b</sup>, 0.20-0.35<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dark organic soils || O.10<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry black soil || 0.14<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Moist black soil || 0.08<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry gray soils || 0.25-0.30<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Moist gray soils || 0.10-0.20<sup>g</sup>, 0.10-0.12<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry blue loam || 0.23<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Moist blue loam || 0.16<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Desert loam || 0.29-0.31<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Clay || 0.20<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry clay soils || 0.20-0.35<sup>d</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry light sand || 0.25-0.45<sup>b</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry, light sandy soils || 0.25-0.45<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry, sandy soils || 0.25-0.45<sup>d</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Light sandy soils || 0.35<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry sand dune || 0.35-0.45<sup>b</sup>, 0.37<sup>c</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Wet sand dune || 0.20-0.30<sup>b</sup>, 0.24<sup>c</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry light sand, high sun || 0.35<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry light sand, low sun || 0.60<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Wet gray sand || 0.10<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry gray sand || 0.20<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Wet white sand || 0.25<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry white sand || 0.35<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Yellow sand || 0.35<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| White sand || 0.34-40<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| River sand || 0.43<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Bright, fine sand || 0.37<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Rock || 0.12-0.15<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Peat soils || 0.05-0.15<sup>d</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry black coal spoil, high sun || 0.05<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry concrete || 0.17-0.27<sup>b</sup>, 0.10-0.35<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Road black top || 0.05-0.10<sup>b</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Ground Cover || Albedo<br />
|- <br />
| Asphalt || 0.05-0.20<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Tar and gravel || 0.08-0.18<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Densely urbanized areas || 0.15-0.25<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Urban area || 0.10-0.27 with an average of 0.15<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Long grass (1.0 m) || 0.16<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Short grass (2 cm) || 0.26<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Wet dead grass || 0.20<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry dead grass || 0.30<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| High, dense grass || 0.18-0.20<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Green grass || 0.26<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Grass dried in sun || 0.19<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Typical fields || 0.20<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Dry steppe || 0.25<sup>f</sup>, 0.20-0.30<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Tundra and heather || 0.15<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Tundra || 0.18-0.25<sup>e</sup>, 0.15-0.20<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Heather || 0.10<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Meadows || 0.15-0.25<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Cereal and tobacco crops || 0.25<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Cotton, potatoes and tomato crops || 0.20<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Cotton || 0.20-0.22<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Cotton plantations || 0.20-0.25<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Potatoes || 0.19<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Potato plantations || 0.15-0.25<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Lettuce || 0.22<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Beets || 0.18<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Sugar cane || 0.15<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Orchards || 0.15-0.20<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Agricultural crops || 0.18-0.25<sup>e</sup>, 0.20-0.30<sup>d</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Rice field || 0.12<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Rye and wheat fields || 0.10-0.25<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Spring wheat || 0.10-0.25<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Winter wheat || 0.16-0.23<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Winter rye || 0.18-0.23<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Deciduous forests - bare of leaves || 0.15<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Deciduous forests - leaved || 0.20<sup>e</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Deciduous forests || 0.15-0.20<sup>g</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Deciduous forests - bare with snow on the ground || 0.20<sup>d</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Mixed hardwoods in leaf || 0.18<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Rain forest || 0.15<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Eucalyptus || 0.20<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Forest - pine, fir, oak || 0.10-0.18<sup>c</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Forest - coniferous forests || 0.10-0.15<sup>g</sup>, 0.10-0.15<sup>d</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Forest - red pine forests || 0.10<sup>f</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Tops of oak || 0.18<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Tops of pine || 0.14<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Tops of fir || 0.10<sup>i</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Water || -0.0139 + 0.0467 tan Z, 1 &ge; A &ge; 0.03<sup>h</sup><br />
|- <br />
| Water || see Figure A.3<br />
|}<br />
NOTE:- <sup>a</sup>The smaller value is for high zenith angles; larger value for low zenith angles.<br />From <sup>b</sup> Sellers (1965); <sup>c</sup> Munn (1966); <sup>d</sup> Rosenberg (1974); <sup>e</sup> Oke (1973); <sup>f</sup> Lee (1978); <sup>g</sup> de Jong (1973); <sup>h</sup> Atwater and Ball (1981); and, <sup>i</sup> Eagleson (1970).<br />
<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="thin center collapsible collapsed" <br />
|- <br />
! colspan=2 width="500px" | Table A.2: Typical Extinction of Insolation by Grass<br />(adapted from Eagleson. 1970)<br />
|- <br />
! width="50%" | Height of Grass (cm) !! width="50%" | K<sub>t</sub><br />
|- <br />
| 100 || 0.18<br />
|-<br />
| 50 || 0.18<br />
|- <br />
| 10 || 0.68<br />
|}<br />
Source: Data from O.G. Sutton, "Micrometeorology," McGraw-Hill, New York, 1953.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="center thin collapsible collapsed" <br />
|- <br />
! colspan=2 | Table A.3: Typical values of canopy resistance at noon<br />
|- <br />
! width="50%" | Type of Vegetation || width="50%" | Canopy Resistance at Noon (s/m)<br />
|- <br />
| Cotton field<sup>a</sup> || ~ 17<br />
|- <br />
| Coniferous forest (Spruce)<sup>a</sup> || ~ 100<br />
|- <br />
| Coniferous forest (Hemlock)<sup>a</sup> || ~ 150<br />
|- <br />
| Coniferous forest (Pine, March)<sup>b</sup> || ~ 140<br />
|- <br />
| Coniferous forest (Pine, June)<sup>b</sup> || ~ 120<br />
|- <br />
| Coniferous forest (Pine, September/October)<sup>b</sup> || ~ 123<br />
|- <br />
| Prairie grasslands (late July)<sup>c</sup> || ~ 100<br />
|- <br />
| Prairie grasslands (mid September)<sup>c</sup> || -500<br />
|- <br />
| Irrigated short grass crop<sup>d</sup> || -86<br />
|- <br />
| Unirrigated barley<sup>d</sup> || -43<br />
|}<br />
from <sup>a</sup>Pielke (1984), <sup>b</sup>Gash and Stewart (1975), <sup>c</sup>Monteith (1975) and <sup>d</sup>Sceicz and Long (1969)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| width="600px"<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="center thin collapsible collapsed" <br />
|- <br />
! colspan=2 | Table A.5: Sample values of vegetation height (Eagleson, 1970)<br />
|- <br />
! width="50%" | Vegetation/Forest Types !! width="50%" | Sample Vegetation Height (cm)<br />
|- <br />
| Mown Grass || 1.5-4.5<br />
|- <br />
| Alfalfa || 20 - 40<br />
|- <br />
| Long Grass || 60-70<br />
|- <br />
| Maize || 90-300<br />
|- <br />
| Sugar Cane || 100-400<br />
|- <br />
| Brush || 135<br />
|- <br />
| Orange Orchard || 350<br />
|- <br />
| Pine forest || 500 - 2700<br />
|- <br />
| Deciduous forest || 1700<br />
|}<br />
NOTE: The vegetation heights listed in Table A.3 are sample values only. Those values may not be the representative, expected vegetation height-values of those vegetation/forest types.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="border-bottom: thin solid black; border-top: thin solid black;"<br />
|+ TABLE D-2<br />
|- <br />
! colspan=4 width="400"| Visible-Range Reflectance (albedo) of<br />Various Forms of Water and Various Earth Materials <hr /><br />
|- <br />
! Surface !! colspan=2 | Conditions !! Albedo, a<br />
|- <br />
| Clouds || Low overcast: || 100 m thick || 0.40<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 200 m thick || 0.50<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 500 m thick || 0.70<br />
|- <br />
| Liquid water || Smooth; solar angle: || 60° || 0.05<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 30° || 0.10<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 20° || 0.15<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 10° || 0.35<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 5° || 0.60<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Wavy; solar angle: || 60° || 0.10<br />
|- <br />
| Solid water || Fresh snow; || low density || 0.85<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || high density || 0.65<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Old snow; || clean || 0.55<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || dirty || 0.45<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Glacier ice; || clean || 0.35<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || dirty || 0.25<br />
|- <br />
| Sand || Dry, light; || high sun || 0.35<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || low sun || 0.60<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Gray; || wet || 0.10<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || dry || 0.20<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || White; || wet || 0.25<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || dry || 0.35<br />
|-<br />
| Soil || Organic; || dark || 0.10<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Clay || &nbsp; || 0.20<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Sandy; || light || 0.30<br />
|- <br />
| Grass || Typical fields || &nbsp; || 0.20<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Dead; || wet || 0.20<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || &nbsp; || dry || 0.30<br />
|- <br />
| Tundra, heather || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 0.15<br />
|- <br />
| Crops || Cereals, tobacco || &nbsp; || 0.25<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Cotton, potato, tomato || &nbsp; || 0.20<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Sugar cane || &nbsp; || 0.15<br />
|- <br />
| Trees || Rain forest || &nbsp; || 0.15<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Eucalyptus || &nbsp; || 0.20<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Red pine forest || &nbsp; || 0.10<br />
|- <br />
| &nbsp; || Mixed hardwoods in leaf || &nbsp; || 0.18<br />
|}<br />
Data from Lee (1980).<br />
<br />
<br />
==Groundwater Parameters==<br />
<br />
<br />
{| width="1000px"<br />
|- <br />
|<br />
{| class="thin center collapsible collapsed" <br />
|- <br />
! colspan=12 | TABLE 12.1.2 Porosity and Specific Weight for Sediments<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Classification and range<br />mm<br />
| Fine sand<br />1/8-1/4 mm<br />
| Fine sand<br />1/4-1/2 mm<br />
| Medium sand<br />1/2-1 mm<br />
| Coarse sand<br />1-2 mm<br />
| Coarse sand<br />2-4 mm<br />
| Gravelly sand<br />4-8 mm<br />
| Fine gravel<br />8-16 mm<br />
| Medium gravel<br />16-32 mm<br />
| Coarse gravel<br />32-64 mm<br />
| Coarse gravel<br />64-128 mm<br />
| Coarse gravel<br />and boulders<br />128-256 mm<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Porosity, % || 44 || 43 || 41 || 39 || 37.5 || 34.5 || 33 || 27 || 23 || 18 || 17<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Specific weight<br />kN/m<sup>3</sup> || 14 || 15 || 15 || 16 || 16 || 17 || 18 || 19 || 20 || 22 || 22<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Specific weight<br />lb f/ft<sup>3</sup> || 93 || 94 || 98 || 101 || 103 || 108 || 111 || 121 || 127 || 130 || 137<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| width="350px"<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="thin collapsible collapsed" <br />
|- <br />
! colspan=2 | &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Table 6. Specific Storage <br />(Anderson & Woessner, 1992). <br />
|- <br />
! width="50%" | Material !! align=center width="50%" | Specific storage (S<sub>s</sub>)/(m) <br />
|- <br />
| Plastic Clay || align=center | 2.0E-02 to 2.6E-03 <br />
|- <br />
| Stiff Clay || align=center | 2.6E-03 to 1.3E-03 <br />
|- <br />
| Medium-hard clay || align=center | 1.3E-03 to 9.2E-04 <br />
|- <br />
| Loose sand || align=center | 1.0E-03 to 4.9E-04 <br />
|- <br />
| Dense sand || align=center | 2.0E-04 to 1.3E-04 <br />
|- <br />
| Dense sandy gravel || align=center | 1.0E-04 to 4.9E-05 <br />
|- <br />
| Rock, fissure, jointed || align=center | 6.9E-05 to 3.3E-06 <br />
|- <br />
| Rock, sound || align=center | Less than 3.3e-6<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| width="575px"<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="thin center collapsible collapsed" <br />
|- <br />
! align="left" colspan=5 | TABLE 6-1 Representative Values of Parameters in Equations (6-11) and (6-12) <br />Based on Analysis of 1845 Soils<sup>a</sup><br />
|- <br />
! width="150px" | Soil Texture !! width="100px" | &Phi; !! width="100px" | K<sub>hsat</sub><br />(cm/s) !! width="100px" | &#124;&Psi;<sub>s</sub>&#124;<br />(cm) !! width="100px" | ''b''<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Sand || 0.395 (0.056) || 1.76 x 10<sup>-2</sup> || 12.1 (14.3) || 4.05 (1.78)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Loamy sand || 0.410 (0.068) || 1.56 x 10<sup>-2</sup> || 9.0 (12.4) || 4.38 (1.47)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Sandy loam || 0.435 (0.086) || 3.47 x 10<sup>-3</sup> || 21.8 (31.0) || 4.90 (1.75)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Silt loarn || 0.485 (0.059) || 7.20 x 10<sup>-4</sup> || 78.6 (51.2) || 5.30 (1.96)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Loam || 0.451 (0.078) || 6.95 x 10<sup>-4</sup> || 47.8 (51.2) || 5.39 (1.87)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Sandy clay loam || 0.420 (0.059) || 6.30 x 10<sup>-4</sup> || 29.9 (37.8) || 7.12 (2.43)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Silty clay loam || 0.477 (0.057) || 1.70 x 10<sup>-4</sup> || 35.6 (37.8) || 7.75 (2.77)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Clay loam || 0.476 (0.053) || 2.45 x 10<sup>-4</sup> || 63.0 (51.0) || 8.52 (3.44)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Sandy clay || 0.426 (0.057) || 2.17 x 10<sup>-4</sup> || 15.3 (17.3) || 10.4 (1.64)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Silty clay || 0.492 (0.064) || 1.03 x 10<sup>-4</sup> || 49.0 (62.1) || 10.4 (4.45)<br />
|- <br />
| align="left" | Clay || 0.482 (0.050) || 1.28 x 10<sup>-4</sup> || 40.5 (39.7) || 11.4 (3.70) <br />
|}<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
<sup>a</sup> Values in parentheses are standard deviations. <br />Data from Clapp and Hornberger (1978).<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| width="325px"<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="thin center collapsible collapsed" width="350px"<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="4" | Table 7. Specific Yield (Fetter, 1994).<br />
|- <br />
! style="text-align: left;" rowspan=2 width="175px" | Material !! colspan=3 | Specific Yield (S<sub>y</sub>)<br />
|- <br />
| width="50px" | Min || width="50px" | Max || width="50px" | Average<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Clay || 0.00 || 0.05 || 0.02<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Sandy clay || 0.03 || 0.12 || 0.07<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Silt || 0.03 || 0.19 || 0.18<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Fine sand || 0.10 || 0.28 || 0.21<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Medium sand || 0.15 || 0.32 || 0.26<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Coarse sand || 0.20 || 0.35 || 0.27<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Gravelly sand || 0.20 || 0.35 || 0.25<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Fine gravel || 0.21 || 0.35 || 0.25<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Medium gravel || 0.13 || 0.26 || 0.23<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Coarse gravel || 0.12 || 0.26 || 0.22<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="center thin collapsible collapsed" <br />
|- <br />
! colspan=9 width="550px"| Table 1. Rawls & Brakensiek soil parameter estimates. <br />
|- <br />
| (1)<br /><br />USDA<br />Textural<br />Classification<br />
| (2)<br /><br /><br />Total<br />Porosity<br />
| (3)<br /><br /><br />Effective<br />Porosity<br />
| (4)<br /><br />Residual<br />Water<br />Content<br />
| (5)<br />Wilting<br />Point<br />Water<br />Content<br />
| (6)<br />Air<br />Entry<br />Pressure<br />(cm)<br />
| (7)<br /><br />Pore<br />Distrib.<br />Index<br /><br />
| (8)<br />Sat.<br />Hydr.<br />Conduct.<br />(cm/hr)<br />
| (9)<br />G&A<br />Capillary<br />Head<br />(cm)<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Sand || 0.437 || 0.417 || 0.020 || 0.033 || 7.26 || 0.694 || 23.56 || 4.95<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Loamy sand || 0.437 || 0.401 || 0.035 || 0.055 || 8.69 || 0.553 || 5.98 || 6.13<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Sandy loam || 0.453 || 0.412 || 0.041 || 0.095 || 14.66 || 0.378 || 2.18 || 11.01<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Loam || 0.463 || 0.434 || 0.027 || 0.117 || 11.15 || 0.252 || 1.32 || 8.89<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Silt loam || 0.501 || 0.486 || 0.015 || 0.133 || 20.79 || 0.234 || 0.68 || 16.68<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Sandy clay loam || 0.398 || 0.330 || 0.068 || 0.148 || 28.08 || 0.319 || 0.30 || 21.85<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Clay loam || 0.464 || 0.390 || 0.075 || 0.197 || 25.89 || 0.242 || 0.20 || 20.88<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Silty clay loam || 0.471 || 0.432 || 0.040 || 0.208 || 32.56 || 0.177 || 0.20 || 27.30<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Sandy clay || 0.430 || 0.321 || 0.109 || 0.23'9 || 29.17 || 0.223 || 0.12 || 23.90<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Silty clay || 0.479 || 0.423 || 0.056 || 0.250 || 34.19 || 0.150 || 0.10 || 29.22<br />
|- <br />
| style="text-align: left;" | Clay || 0.475 || 0.385 || 0.090 || 0.272 || 37.30 || 0.165 || 0.06 || 31.63<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_capacity Field Capacity] ===<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="thin collapsible collapsed" width="400px" <br />
|- <br />
! colspan="4" | Field Capacity<br />
|- <br />
! Texture Class !! -1 SD !! MEAN !! +1 SD<br />
|- <br />
| Sand || 0.018 || 0.091 || 0.164<br />
|- <br />
| Loamy Sand || 0.060 || 0.125 || 0.190<br />
|-<br />
| Sandy Loam || 0.126 || 0.207 || 0.288<br />
|-<br />
| Loam || 0.195 || 0.270 || 0.345<br />
|-<br />
| Silt Loam || 0.258 || 0.330 || 0.402<br />
|-<br />
| Sandy Clay Loam || 0.186 || 0.255 || 0.324<br />
|-<br />
| Clay Loam || 0.250 || 0.318 || 0.386<br />
|-<br />
| Silty Clay Loam || 0.304 || 0.366 || 0.428<br />
|-<br />
| Sandy Clay || 0.245 || 0.339 || 0.433<br />
|-<br />
| Silty Clay || 0.332 || 0.387 || 0.442<br />
|-<br />
| Clay || 0.326 || 0.396 || 0.466<br />
|}<br />
From:<br />
Handbook of Hydrology, Maidment<br />
<br />
which reproduces it from Rawls & Brakensiek, "prediction of soil water properties for hydrologic modeling", Watershed Management in the Eighties, ASCE<br />
<br />
<br />
===Specific Gravity===<br />
<br />
<br />
{| class="collapsible collapsed" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0<br />
|- <br />
! colspan=2 | Table 2.4 Specific Gravity of Common Minerals <hr /><br />
|- <br />
! Mineral !! Specific gravity, G<sub>s</sub><br />
|- <br />
| colspan=2 |<br />
<hr /><br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Quartz <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.65<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Kaolinite <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.6<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Illite <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.8<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Montmorillonite <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.65-2.80<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Halloysite <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.0-2.55<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Potassium feldspar <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.57<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Sodium and calcium feldspar <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.62-2.76<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Chlorite <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.6-2.9<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Biotite <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.8-3.2<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Muscovite <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.76-3.1<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Hornblende <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.0-3.47<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Limonite <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.6-4.0<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Olivine <br />
| <br />
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.27-3.7 <br />
|- <br />
| colspan=2 | <br />
<hr /><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
===Weirs===<br />
<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="thin center collapsible collapsed" style="font-family: times;"<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="14" align="left" | Table 48. Values of C in the Formula Q = CLH<sup>3/2</sup> for Models of Broad-crested Weirs with Rounded Upstream Corner <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Name of<br />Experimenter <br />
! rowspan="2" width="30px" | [[Image:Samp_Val_Image_1.png]] <br />
! rowspan="2" width="30px" | [[Image:Samp_Val_Image_2.png]] <br />
! rowspan="2" width="30px" | [[Image:Samp_Val_Image_3.png]] <br />
! colspan="10" | Head in feet, H <br />
|- <br />
| width="25px" | 0.4 || width="25px" | 0.6 || width="25px" | 0.8 || width="25px" | 1.0 || width="25px" | 1.5 || width="25px" | 2.0 || width="25px" | 2.5 || width="25px" | 3.0 || width="25px" | 4.0 || width="25px" | 5.0 <br />
|- <br />
| Bazin || 0.33 || 2.62 || 2.46 || 2.93 || 2.97 || 2.98 || 3.01 || 3.04 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|- <br />
| Bazin || 0.33 || 6.56 || 2.46 || 2.70 || 2.82 || 2.87 || 2.89 || 2.92 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|- <br />
| U.S. Deep Waterways || 0.33 || 2.52 || 4.57 || &nbsp; || 2.77 || 2.8 || 2.83 || 2.92 || 3 || 3.08 || 3.17 || 3.34 || 3.5<br />
|- <br />
| U.S. Deep Waterways || 1.33 || 6.56 || 4.56 || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || 2.83 || 2.83 || 2.83 || 2.82 || 2.82 || 2.82 || 2.82 || 2.81<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="center thin collapsible collapsed" style="font-family: times;"<br />
|- <br />
! colspan="9" | Table 49. Values of C in the Formula Q = CLH3/2 for Broad-Crested Weirs with Crests Inclined Slightly Downward <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Slope of Crest <br />
! rowspan="2" | Length<br />of weir<br />in feet <br />
! colspan="7" | Head in feet, H <br />
|- <br />
| 0.1 || 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 0.7 <br />
|- <br />
| 12 to 1 || 3.0 || 2.58 || 2.87 || 2.57 || 2.60 || 2.84 || 2.81 || 2.70<br />
|- <br />
| 18 to 1 || 3.0 || 2.91 || 2.92 || 2.53 || 2.60 || 2.80 || 2.74 || 2.62<br />
|- <br />
| 18 to 1 || 10.0 || 2.52 || 2.68 || 2.73 || 2.80 || 2.90 || 2.80 || 2.68<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
{| <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
{| class="center thin collapsible collapsed" style="font-family: times;" <br />
|- <br />
! colspan="13" | Table 50. Values of C in the Formula Q = CLH<sup>3/2</sup> for weirs of Triangular Cross Section with Vertical Upstream Face and Sloping Downstream Face <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" | Slope of<br />down-<br />stream<br />face<br />
! rowspan="2" | Height<br />of weir<br />in feet,<br />P <br />
! colspan="11" | Head in feet, H <br />
|- <br />
| 0.2 || 0.3 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 0.6 || 0.7 || 0.8 || 0.9 || 1.0 || 1.2 || 1.5 <br />
|- <br />
| Hor. Vert. || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp; || &nbsp;<br />
|- <br />
| 1 to 1 || 2.46 || 3.88 || 3.85 || 3.85 || 3.85 || 3.85 || 3.85 || 3.85 || 3.85 || 3.85 || 3.85 || 3.85<br />
|- <br />
| 2 to 1 || 2.46 || 3.48 || 3.48 || 3.49 || 3.49 || 3.5 || 3.5 || 3.5 || 3.5 || 3.5 || 3.51 || 3.51<br />
|- <br />
| 2 to 1 || 1.64 || 3.56 || 3.47 || 3.47 || 3.51 || 3.54 || 3.57 || 3.58 || 3.58 || 3.58 || 3.59 || 3.57<br />
|- <br />
| 3 to 1 || 1.64 || &nbsp; || 2.9 || 3.11 || 3.22 || 3.26 || 3.33 || 3.37 || 3.4 || 3.4 || 3.41 || 3.41<br />
|- <br />
| 5 to 1 || 2.46 || &nbsp; || 3.08 || 3.06 || 3.05 || 3.05 || 3.07 || 3.09 || 3.12 || 3.13 || 3.13 || 3.18<br />
|- <br />
| 10 to 1 || 2.46 || &nbsp; || 2.82 || 2.83 || 2.84 || 2.86 || 2.89 || 2.9 || 2.91 || 2.91 || 2.92 || 2.93<br />
|}<br />
|}</div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=File:Samp_Val_Image_3.png&diff=3214File:Samp Val Image 3.png2008-08-06T17:57:58Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=File:Samp_Val_Image_2.png&diff=3213File:Samp Val Image 2.png2008-08-06T17:57:44Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
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<div></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=File:Samp_Val_Image_1.png&diff=3212File:Samp Val Image 1.png2008-08-06T17:57:10Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
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<div></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Model_Construction:Describing_overland_flow&diff=3098Model Construction:Describing overland flow2008-07-23T21:53:23Z<p>Eshaw: Model Construction1:Describing overland flow moved to Model Construction:Describing overland flow</p>
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<div>The computational method used to compute overland flow is selected in the ''GSSHA Job Control Parameters'' dialog from ''Overland flow'' sim. Three methods are available.<br />
<br />
:*Explicit – alternating direction, time varying version of the original point explicit method developed for CASC2D, as described by Julien and Saghafian (1991).<br />
:*ADE – alternating direction explicit (Downer 2002).<br />
:*ADE-PC – alternating direction explicit with prediction-correction (Downer 2002).<br />
<br />
The default value is Explicit. The ADE and ADE-PC methods are described in the ''GSSHA User’s Manual''. The explicit method has a variable time step that can adapt to computational needs. The ADE-PC method is very robust and may be employed when particularly difficult conditions are encountered. The ADE-PC method will often work when the other two methods will not. The additional computations in the ADE-PC method make it significantly slower than the other two methods, which require about the same wall clock time. Some experimentation may be required to determine which method will work best for a particular problem. <br />
<br />
The following inputs are required in overland flow simulations in ''GSSHA''.<br />
<br />
:*Land surface elevation.<br />
:*Land surface roughness.<br />
<br />
The grid cell land surface elevations (determined from the DEM, as discussed in [[Pre-Processing:Watershed Delineation and Grid Construction|Chapter 2]]) and the surface roughness comprise the minimum input parameters that must be defined for a ''GSSHA'' surface runoff simulation. <br />
<br />
The surface roughness represents the overland Manning’s roughness coefficient n. These values can be spatially distributed using an index map defined from vegetation cover and/or land use. Values of overland roughness coefficients based on vegetation coverage are presented by Engman (1986) and Ree, Wimberly, and Crow (1977), and summarized in the ''GSSHA'' User’s Manual (Downer and Odgen in preparation).<br />
<br />
By using Manning’s resistance equation, it is assumed that the overland flow is turbulent flow over rough surfaces. Manning’s roughness coefficients are dimensionless. Assignment of parameter values to every grid cell is discussed in [[Mapping:Assigning Parameter Values to Individual Grid Cells|Chapter 5]].<br />
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<div>A good way to determine the appropriate time-step for a given problem is to conduct a temporal convergence study. Select from the study period a rainfall event of the highest rainfall intensity, or the one that produces the maximum discharge. Select a short time-step, 5 to 20 sec, and simulate the event. Write out the discharge hydrograph at small intervals, equal to the time-step. Increase the time-step and repeat. Continue increasing the time-step until the program crashes during execution. At this point, the upper limit of the time-step for your problem has been reached. Look at the hydrographs produced using the various time-steps. If the hydrograph begins to oscillate, normally near the peak, the time-step is too large. Eliminate any simulations that produce oscillations in the hydrograph. <br />
<br />
There should now be a set of hydrographs produced by various time-steps. As the time-step is increased, the hydrograph shape may begin to change. A primary theory of the finite difference method is that the model results converge on the solution as the time-step decreases. Therefore, the hydrograph with the smallest time should be treated as the “correct” answer, and the other hydrographs should be judged against it. A simple visual comparison of the hydrographs is usually sufficient. Figure 6 shows the hydrographs produced from a test case with time-steps of 10, 150, 180, and 210 sec. At 150 sec, the hydrograph is significantly shifted from the 10-sec simulation. At 180 sec, oscillations appear. At 210 sec, the oscillations cause the model to crash. All these time-steps are too large. The simulation time-step may also be judged by the peak discharge, time of peak, and discharge volume information from the summary file. To decrease wall clock execution time, select the largest time-step that produces results equal to, within an acceptable error level, the results with the smallest time-step.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Image:image010.jpg|frame|none|'''Figure 6.''' Example of a temporal convergence study. The hydrograph produced by the 10-sec time-step can be considered the most correct because it has the shortest time-step. The 210‑sec time-step hydrograph crashed partway through the run. The 180-sec time-step, shows the oscillations that will be produced by a time-step too close to the limiting or crashing time-step. The 150-sec time-step appears normal, but when judged against the 10-sec time-step, the significant difference in peak time is observed, making the 150-sec time-step also inappropriate]]<br />
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<div>The global parameters of a simulation refer to the input control and other parameters not assigned on a cell-by-cell basis; e.g., the numerical method for computing overland flow, the computational time-step and total simulation time, and whether to activate certain model options such as channel routing, long-term simulations, infiltration, evapotranspiration, groundwater interaction, etc.<br />
<br />
To have WMS allocate the memory required for development and storage of GSSHA model parameters, you must first initialize a simulation. This is usually done when creating a grid, because WMS prompts the user whether or not to do so. However, the simulation parameters can be initialized or deleted using the identified buttons in the GSSHA Job Control Parameters dialog. Data necessary to run a GSSHA simulation are determined based on the settings in the GSSHA Job Control Parameters dialog (Figure 4). A better description of the various options is provided in the next several sections.<br />
<br />
[[Image:Primer Image006.png|frame|none|'''Figure 4.''' GSSHA Job Control dialog in WMS. This dialog is used to select model options and global parameters needed by GSSHA. The Output Control dialog, accessible from the Output Control button in the center bottom, is used to indicate the desired time-series maps that GSSHA can output, such as the depth of water on the overland flow plane.]] <br />
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<div>When channel routing is not specified, information about which cell represents the watershed outlet and the slope of the land surface at the outlet must be defined. The outlet location is defined be creating a feature point in the desired cell and setting the type attribute to outlet. WMS will extract the I and J indices of the cell underlying the outlet point and feed that information to GSSHA. The outlet slope must be defined in the Job Control dialog. The bed slope is equal to the tangent of the angle that is made between the bed profile at the outlet and the horizontal plane. This slope is used to calculate the outflow overland discharge at the outlet based on a normal depth boundary condition. When channel routing is specified, the outlet of the catchment is defined by the location of the stream network and an outlet feature point need not be specified.<br />
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<div>''GSSHA'' is entirely formulated in metric units. Therefore, the grid dimensions and elevations must be in meters. WMS can be used to convert grid dimensions and/or elevations from feet to meters. GSSHA outputs all results in metric units except for the flow values in the outlet hydrograph file (.otl file), which can be output in either metric (m^3/s) or English (cfs) units.<br />
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<div>For every new ''GSSHA'' model a basic simulation with uniform roughness should be run to determine the overall quality of overland flow. The minimum parameters that must be defined to run a basic simulation are surface roughness and rainfall. As described above, the time-step, total time, and outlet information must also be defined. The required steps are described below.<br />
<br />
:#In the ''GSSHA Job Control Parameters'' dialog, make sure that all optional processes (routing, sediment, infiltration, etc.) are turned off. Enter a value for total simulation time in minutes (a few hours) and a small time-step in seconds (5 to 10 sec). In the ''GSSHA Job Control Parameters'' dialog, select ''Output Control'', toggle on ''Surface depth'' under the ''Data Set Map Options''. Toggle on the ''ASCII'' map ''Type''. Input a ''Write Frequency (minutes)'' such that maps of surface depth are written out every 15 to 30 min.<br />
:#For the uniform rainfall event, enter an intensity of 10 to 50 mm/hr and a duration of 60 to 120 minutes. <br />
:#Assign a uniform overland roughness coefficient, as described in [[Capabilities:Overland flow routing options|Chapter 4]], with a value of 0.05.<br />
:#Save the project and run ''GSSHA''.<br />
<br />
The model should run to completion and produce a hydrograph at the outlet. If the model runs but does not produce flow at the outlet, then either increase the ''total time'' of your simulation, your rainfall duration, or your rainfall intensity and rerun the model. Do this until there is output. The model may or may not run to completion as flow is produced.<br />
<br />
If the model does run to completion, use the methods described in [[Post-Processing:Post-Processing|Chapter 14, Post-processing]], to view the outlet hydrograph and the overland flow depth maps. These maps are useful for locating problem areas in the watershed and comparing areas of ponded water to independent topographic data. If water is ponded on the watershed at the end of the simulation (ponded water shows up as blue areas on the overland flow depth maps), compare these locations to topological maps and ensure that the ponded areas correspond to real depressions. If these areas should drain, you may have to go back and do more smoothing on the DEM or manually edit the values of elevation in the affected grid cells, as discussed in [[Pre-Processing:Watershed Delineation and Grid Construction|Chapter 2]]. Even if the ponding areas correspond to natural depressions, you may still wish to smooth the DEM or edit the grid elevations to drain these areas, as computation of overland flow with significant backwater effects requires a small time-step. Experience has shown that DEM smoothing has minimal effect on streamflow predictions.<br />
<br />
If the overland flow routine crashes, information on problem areas will be printed to the screen and also to the run summary file. If the overland flow module will not run you can try to change the overland flow routing method to ADE-PC, reduce the time-step, or decrease the uniform rainfall intensity or duration. If the model will not run with a small time-step and the very stable ADE-PC overland flow routine, the depth maps should be consulted to identify potential problems in the watershed. The DEM may be smoothed using algorithms in the ''WMS'' software, or the elevations in the grid may also be manually edited. The information provided by ''GSSHA'' will tell you where to target editing of grid cell elevations. Zoom in on these identified problem areas; turn on the color fill contours, and display the grid cell elevations. You may have to remove flat spots, dams, or depressions that are causing the overland flow model to crash. If water is ponding along the edge of the watershed, these cells will either have to be removed from the grid or raised in elevation. Another potential solution to making the overland flow module run is to increase the grid size, which will reduce the Courant number and smooth the elevations in the model.<br />
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<div>{{Template:NavEditInstructions|16|Building a GSSHA Model|Building a Model}}<br />
<br />
==Links==<br />
<onlyinclude><br />
:16 [[Building a Model:Building a GSSHA Model|Building a Model]]<br />
:: 16.1 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Delineating the Watershed|Delineating the Watershed]]<br />
:: 16.2 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Selecting a Grid Size|Selecting a Grid Size]]<br />
:: 16.3 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Overland Flow Routing|Overland Flow Routing]]<br />
:: 16.4 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Infiltration|Infiltration]]<br />
:: 16.5 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Channel Routing|Channel Routing]]<br />
:: 16.6 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Single Event Calibration|Single Event Calibration]]<br />
:: 16.7 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Long-term Simulations|Long-term Simulations]]<br />
:: 16.8 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Saturated Groundwater Modeling|Saturated Groundwater Modeling]]<br />
:: 16.9 &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Calibration and Verification|Calibration and Verification]]<br />
:: 16.10 &nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Sediment Transport|Sediment Transport]]<br />
:: 16.11 &nbsp;&nbsp; [[Building a Model:Contaminant Transport|Contaminant Transport]]<br />
</onlyinclude></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Template:GUM18&diff=3054Template:GUM182008-07-23T20:02:39Z<p>Eshaw: /* 17.4 Monte Carlo Runs */</p>
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<div>{{GUMHead|18 - Alternate Run Modes}}<br />
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{{Alternate_Run_Modes:Alternate Run Modes}}<br />
=18.1 MPI and OpenMP Parallelization=<br />
{{Alternate_Run_Modes:MPI and OpenMP Parallelization}}<br />
=18.2 Batch Mode Runs=<br />
{{Alternate_Run_Modes:Batch Mode Runs}}<br />
=18.3 Automated Calibration with Shuffled Complex Evolution=<br />
{{Alternate_Run_Modes:Automated Calibration with Shuffled Complex Evolution}}<br />
<br />
=18.4 Monte Carlo Runs=<br />
{{Alternate_Run_Modes:Monte Carlo Runs}}</div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=User%27s_Manual&diff=3051User's Manual2008-07-23T19:55:12Z<p>Eshaw: </p>
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<hr><hr><br><br><br><br><br></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Groundwater:Solution&diff=3049Groundwater:Solution2008-07-23T19:34:48Z<p>Eshaw: Lateral Flow:Solution moved to Groundwater:Solution</p>
<hr />
<div>The equation is solved by successive overrelaxation by lines (LSOR) (for example Tannehill et al., 1997). LSOR was shown by Trescott and Larson (1977) to be capable of solving a variety of difficult groundwater problems, though not necessarily being the most efficient method. With LSOR, the two-dimensional problem is linearized by solving by rows or by columns. The user specifies solution by rows or by columns with the '''GW_LSOR_DIR''' project card, and the choice is made to align the direction of solution with the principal direction of flow, x (argument - 1) or y (argument - 2) (Trescott and Larsen, 1977). LSOR is an iterative method; the user selects the groundwater convergence criteria (m) with the '''GW_LSOR_CON''' project card. A typical value, the default, is 10<sup>-5</sup> m. The user also selects an over relaxation coefficient, &omega;, with the '''GW_RELAX_COEF''' card. During each iteration the head in each cell is adjusted by the over relaxation coefficient, &omega;, such that:<br />
<br />
: [[Image:Equation043.gif]] (43)<br />
<br />
where ''k'' denotes the iteration number. For &omega; greater than 1.0, the next head is projected out on a line determined from previous iterations. This speeds the convergence process but may also reduce stability. Typically, a value of &omega; of about 1.2 results the fastest solution. For very difficult problems &omega; may need to smaller than 1.0, and the solution is said to be underrelaxed. <br />
<br />
For each iteration the transmissivities in both the x and y directions are calculated based on the updated saturated depth, b, determined from the heads, so that:<br />
<br />
: [[Image:Equation044.gif]] (44) <br />
<br />
where K<sub>gw</sub> is the lateral hydrualic conductivity of the porous media. This is a variation from Trescott and Larson (1977) who calculate the transmissivity based on the value of ''b'' from the last, n<sup>th</sup>, time step such that T<sup>n+1</sup> = K<sub>gw</sub>b<sup>n</sup>. The storage term, ''S'', in the equation is used to represent the change in volume with respect to the change in head:<br />
<br />
: [[Image:Equation045.gif]] (45) <br />
<br />
where ''V'' is the volume. In two-dimensional applications it is common practice to represent the storage as the porosity of the saturated groundwater media. When RE is used to define the unsaturated zone the storage term, ''S'', is not a constant but also depends on the head. The storage term is updated each iteration. The storage term is set to the porosity of the unsaturated cell above or below the groundwater surface elevation, depending on whether the groundwater is rising or falling. For time steps when the groundwater moves more than one unsaturated zone cell, the storage term is calculated as a bulk storage term:<br />
<br />
: [[Image:Equation046.gif]] (46) <br />
<br />
where &Sigma;&Delta;''z'' is the distance that the groundwater surface is anticipated to move during the ''n+1'' time step or ''k+1'' iteration. The anticipated change in the groundwater surface elevation is determined from the source term, W, containing all fluxes in the cell and the storage capacity, ''S'', of surrounding cells. An internal time step limitation attempts to limit the movement of the groundwater surface to a single unsaturated zone cell. This added step helps maintains overall mass conservation. The actual storage available is ''&Theta;<sub>s</sub>''--''&Theta;'', but because water content is a discrete value in each cell, calculating storage as ''&Theta;<sub>s</sub>''-''&Theta;'' over &Sigma;&Delta;''z'' can result in a lack of convergence of the groundwater solution, which is implicitly calculating ''h'', ''S'', ''b'', and ''T'' simultaneously. As discussed below in the section on coupling of processes, the difference in water volume between ''&Theta;<sub>s</sub>'' and ''&Theta;<sub>s</sub>''-''&Theta;'' is added to the source term during the next groundwater update, such that mass is conserved. This may result in a small time lag in the groundwater response.<br />
<br />
When GAR is used to provide recharge estimates to the groundwater model, the storage term is constant, equal to the value moisture deficit of the soil, effective porosity minus soil moisture. The moisture deficit is updated every rainfall event. <br />
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<div>Trescott and Larson (1977) described the solution to the two-dimensional free surface groundwater problem, and the efficiency of various solvers. Their methods were largely followed in the development of this portion of the code; an exhaustive coverage need not be presented here. The overall approach, differences in approach, and integration into the GSSHA model are presented.<br />
<br />
The controlling equation, as developed by Pinder and Bredehoeft (1968), is:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation040.gif]] (40) <br />
<br />
where: <br />
: ''T'' is the transmissivity (m<sup>2</sup>/s), <br />
: ''h'' is the hydraulic head (m), <br />
: ''S'' is the storage term (dimensionless), <br />
: and ''W'' is the flux term for sources and sinks (m/s). <br />
<br />
It is assumed that off diagonal terms are not important and that transmissivity can be expressed as the product of the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the media (''K'') and the depth of the saturated media (b). For the free surface problem the head is the surface water elevation (E<sub>ws</sub>).<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation041.gif]] (41) <br />
<br />
This equation can be represented using a block-centered finite difference five-point implicit scheme as:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Equation042.gif]] (42)<br />
<br />
This representation varies from the original representation of Trescott and Larson (1977) in that the transmissivities and the storage terms are both time dependent and calculated implicitly using Picard iteration. <br />
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<div>{{GUMHead|8 - Lateral Groundwater Flow Modeling in the Saturated Zone}}<br />
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{{Groundwater:Lateral Groundwater Flow Modeling in the Saturated Zone}}<br />
=8.1 General=<br />
{{Groundwater:General}}<br />
=8.2 Formulation=<br />
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=8.3 Solution=<br />
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=8.4 Assignment of Parameter Values=<br />
{{Groundwater:Assignment of Parameter Values}}<br />
=8.5 Boundary Conditions=<br />
{{Groundwater:Boundary Conditions}}<br />
=8.6 Coupling of the Saturated Zone Model with the Richards’ Equation Model of the Unsaturated Zone=<br />
{{Groundwater:Coupling of the Saturated Zone Model with the Richards’ Equation Model of the Unsaturated Zone}}<br />
=8.7 Coupling of the Saturated Zone Model to the GAR Infiltration Model=<br />
{{Groundwater:Coupling of the Saturated Zone Model to the GAR Infiltration Model}}</div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Groundwater:Assignment_of_Parameter_Values&diff=3034Groundwater:Assignment of Parameter Values2008-07-23T19:17:30Z<p>Eshaw: Lateral Flow:Assignment of Parameter Values moved to Groundwater:Assignment of Parameter Values</p>
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<div>The value of K<sub>gw</sub> (cm/hr) may be specified as a constant value with the '''GW_UNIF_HYCOND''' or a map of spatially distributed values specified with the '''GW_HYCOND_MAP''' card. The porosity of the groundwater media below the specified unsaturated zone can be a uniform value, specified with the '''GW_UNIF_POROSITY''' card, or can be distributed by specifying a map of spatially distributed values using the '''GW_POROSITY_MAP'''. If neither uniform or distributed values of these parameters are specified with the above cards, the values will be set to the those of the last soil layer of the soils in the unsaturated zone specified in the '''SOIL_TABLE_INPUT_FILE''' or Mapping Table files.<br />
When GAR is used to provide estimates of recharge, only hydrualic conductivity need be specified, as the storage is computed using the GAR infiltration parameters.<br />
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<div>This is the GSSHA User's Manual navigation template for Chapter {{{1}}} - {{{2}}}<br />
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<li>Edit the numbers in headings of pages in this chapter which may have changed numbers in this template.</li> <br />
{| class="collapsible thin" width="100%"<br />
!Example&nbsp;-&nbsp;Editing&nbsp;Page&nbsp;Headings<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
'''Assumptions'''<br />
* Pages "{{{1}}}.1 First Page In Chapter {{{1}}}" thru "{{{1}}}.5 Last Page in Chapter {{{1}}}" exist. <br />
* "{{{1}}}.5 New Page in Chapter {{{1}}}" is added to this chapter. <br />
* "{{{1}}}.5 New Page in Chapter {{{1}}}" has headings, "{{{1}}}.5.1 Heading 1, {{{1}}}.5.2 Heading 2, {{{1}}}.5.2.1 Sub-Heading 2.1 ..."<br />
* The last page in the chapter becomes "{{{1}}}.6 Last Page in Chapter {{{1}}}". <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
'''Steps to Edit'''<br />
# Open "{{{1}}}.6 Last Page in Chapter {{{1}}}" in a new tab. <br />
# Select the ''edit'' tab. <br />
# Change it's headings: <br />
#* '''from''' - "{{{1}}}.5.1 Heading 1, {{{1}}}.5.2 Heading 2, {{{1}}}.5.2.1 Sub-Heading 2.1 ..." <br />
#* '''to''' - "{{{1}}}.6.1 Heading 1, {{{1}}}.6.2 Heading 2, {{{1}}}.6.2.1 Sub-Heading 2.1 ..."</li><br />
#* '''Note:''' A text-editor with search and replace may be helpful when editing large pages. <br />
# Select '''Save Page'''. <br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<li>Navigate to [[Wiki Editing Guidelines#Adding pages to the GSSHA Users' Manual|Wiki Editing Guidelines]] to add any additional pages to other sections of the GSSHA Primer. </li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
==Instructions for Removing Pages==<br />
<ol><br />
<li>From the "Links" section below, open the page to be deleted in a new tab or window.</li><br />
<li>Select the ''delete'' tab in the new tab or window. </li><br />
<li>Follow any prompts to delete the page. </li><br />
<li>Open the "Links" section below for editing in a new tab or window. </li><br />
<li>Remove the entire line containing the link to the deleted page. </li><br />
<li>Select '''Save Page'''. </li><br />
<li>Repeat Steps above for any other pages to be deleted from this section. </li><br />
<li>Edit the numbers in headings of pages in this chapter which may have changed numbers in this template.</li> <br />
{| class="collapsible thin" width="100%"<br />
!Example&nbsp;-&nbsp;Editing&nbsp;Page&nbsp;Headings<br />
|- <br />
| <br />
'''Assumptions'''<br />
* Pages "{{{1}}}.1 First Page In Chapter {{{1}}}" thru "{{{1}}}.5 Last Page in Chapter {{{1}}}" exist. <br />
* "{{{1}}}.4 Fourth Page in Chapter {{{1}}}" is deleted from this chapter. <br />
* "{{{1}}}.5 New Page in Chapter {{{1}}}" has headings, "{{{1}}}.5.1 Heading 1, {{{1}}}.5.2 Heading 2, {{{1}}}.5.2.1 Sub-Heading 2.1 ..."<br />
** The last page in the chapter becomes "{{{1}}}.4 Last Page in Chapter {{{1}}}". <br />
|- <br />
| <br />
'''Steps to Edit'''<br />
# Open "{{{1}}}.4 Last Page in Chapter {{{1}}}" in a new tab. <br />
# Select the ''edit'' tab. <br />
# Change it's headings <br />
#* '''from -''' "{{{1}}}.5.1 Heading 1, {{{1}}}.5.2 Heading 2, {{{1}}}.5.2.1 Sub-Heading 2.1 ..." <br />
#* '''to -''' "{{{1}}}.4.1 Heading 1, {{{1}}}.4.2 Heading 2, {{{1}}}.4.2.1 Sub-Heading 2.1 ..." <br />
#* '''Note:''' A text-editor with search and replace may be helpful when editing large pages. <br />
# Select '''Save Page'''. <br />
|}<br />
<br><br />
<li>Navigate to [[Wiki Editing Guidelines#Deleting pages from the GSSHA User's Manual|Wiki Editing Guidelines]] to delete any additional pages from other sections of the GSSHA Primer. </li></div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=Wiki_Editing_Guidelines&diff=2634Wiki Editing Guidelines2008-07-02T18:07:52Z<p>Eshaw: /* Images */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Creating a new page ==<br />
<br />
Creating a new page is very straightforward. Here are the steps:<br />
<br />
# Go to the wiki page where you want to link the new page.<br />
# Begin editing the wiki page.<br />
# Add an ''Internal Link'' to the new page in the location you desire using the Internal Link button at the top of the editing page.<br />
# Save your page changes by clicking the ''Save page'' button at the bottom of the editing page.<br />
# Click on the new link you have added by editing the page. This will bring you to the editing page for your new page.<br />
# Begin editing your new page. The best way to add stuff to your new page is to copy and paste your text from a MS Word or text document into the wiki editor.<br />
# After you have copied and pasted your text onto your new page, you can format your page using the formatting buttons at the top of the wiki editor.<br />
# '''TIP:''' It's simple to learn how formatting such as tables and images are done on existing wiki pages. There are hundreds of wiki pages already on http://gsshawiki.com. You can go to any of these pages and copy/paste the text from the edit tab at the top of the page into the editor of a new wiki page and make changes to the text.<br />
<br />
===Creating new GSSHA Tutorials===<br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Open [[Template:TutNav]] in a new tab or page.</li><br />
<li>Select '''Edit'''.</li><br />
<li>Add link(s) to the new tutorial(s) on this page.</li><br><br />
<div class="mleft"><br />
* It is easiest to add new tutorials sequentially to existing tutorials; e.g. Such as adding, "Tutorials:14 New GSSHA Tutorial" to tutorials 1 - 13.<br />
* Example code<br />
:: Code before editing<br />
<pre><br />
==[[Tutorials:Tutorials|GSSHA Tutorials]]==<br />
:[[Tutorials:1 Initial Overland Flow Model Setup|1 &amp;nbsp; Initial Overland Flow Model Setup]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:2 Visualizing Overland Flow Results|2 &amp;nbsp; Visualizing Overland Flow Results]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:3 Fixing Digital Dams|3 &amp;nbsp; Fixing Digital Dams]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:4 Using the Mapping Table and GIS Data|4 &amp;nbsp; Using the Mapping Table and GIS Data]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:5 Stream Flow|5 &amp;nbsp; Stream Flow]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:6 Visualizing Stream Data|6 &amp;nbsp; Visualizing Stream Data]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:7 Break-point Cross Sections|7 &amp;nbsp; Break-point Cross Sections]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:8 Infiltration|8 &amp;nbsp; Infiltration]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:9 Long-Term Simulations|9 &amp;nbsp; Long-Term Simulations]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:10 Using Microsoft® Excel® to format GSSHA™ data|10 &amp;nbsp; Using Microsoft® Excel® to format GSSHA™ data]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:11 Manual Calibration|11 &amp;nbsp; Manual Calibration]]<br />
:[[Tutorials:12 Groundwater|12 &amp;nbsp; Groundwater]]<br />
:[[Tutorials:13 Overland Flow Boundary Conditions|13 &amp;nbsp; Overland Flow Boundary Conditions]]<br />
</pre><br />
:: Line of code added<br />
<pre><br />
:[[Tutorials:14 New GSSHA Tutorial|14 &amp;nbsp; New GSSHA Tutorial]]<br />
</pre><br />
::Note: the charachters " &amp;nbsp; " are added only for formatting. <br />
:&#091;&#091;Tutorials:14 New GSSHA Tutorial|14<span class="uline" style="font-color: #00ff00"> &amp;nbsp; </span>New GSSHA Tutorial&#093;&#093;<br />
:: Resulting code<br />
<pre><br />
==[[Tutorials:Tutorials|GSSHA Tutorials]]==<br />
:[[Tutorials:1 Initial Overland Flow Model Setup|1 &amp;nbsp; Initial Overland Flow Model Setup]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:2 Visualizing Overland Flow Results|2 &amp;nbsp; Visualizing Overland Flow Results]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:3 Fixing Digital Dams|3 &amp;nbsp; Fixing Digital Dams]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:4 Using the Mapping Table and GIS Data|4 &amp;nbsp; Using the Mapping Table and GIS Data]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:5 Stream Flow|5 &amp;nbsp; Stream Flow]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:6 Visualizing Stream Data|6 &amp;nbsp; Visualizing Stream Data]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:7 Break-point Cross Sections|7 &amp;nbsp; Break-point Cross Sections]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:8 Infiltration|8 &amp;nbsp; Infiltration]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:9 Long-Term Simulations|9 &amp;nbsp; Long-Term Simulations]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:10 Using Microsoft® Excel® to format GSSHA™ data|10 &amp;nbsp; Using Microsoft® Excel® to format GSSHA™ data]] <br />
:[[Tutorials:11 Manual Calibration|11 &amp;nbsp; Manual Calibration]]<br />
:[[Tutorials:12 Groundwater|12 &amp;nbsp; Groundwater]]<br />
:[[Tutorials:13 Overland Flow Boundary Conditions|13 &amp;nbsp; Overland Flow Boundary Conditions]]<br />
:[[Tutorials:14 New GSSHA Tutorial|14 &amp;nbsp; New GSSHA Tutorial]]<br />
</pre><br />
</div><br />
<li>Select '''Save'''</li><br />
<li>Follow new link(s) to create the new tutorial(s)</li><br />
<li>Add the following code to the bottom of the new tutorial(s). This will add the tutorial navigation links to the bottom of the new tutorial(s). </li><br />
<pre><br />
<noinclude><br />
{{TutNav}}<br />
</noinclude><br />
</pre><br />
<li>Select '''Save'''.</li><br />
<li>Open [[GSSHA Tutorials]] in a new tab.</li><br />
<li>Include the new tutorial in [[GSSHA Tutorials]] by doing the following.</li><br />
<div><br />
* Select '''Edit'''. You will see code similar to the code shown below. <br />
<pre><br />
{{Tutorials:Tutorials}} <br />
<br />
= 1 &nbsp; Initial Overland Flow Model Setup =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:1 Initial Overland Flow Model Setup}}<br />
<br />
= 2 &nbsp; Visualizing Overland Flow Results =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:2 Visualizing Overland Flow Results}}<br />
<br />
= 3 &nbsp; Fixing Digital Dams =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:3 Fixing Digital Dams}}<br />
<br />
= 4 &nbsp; Using the Mapping Table and GIS Data =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:4 Using the Mapping Table and GIS Data}}<br />
<br />
= 5 &nbsp; Stream Flow =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:5 Stream Flow}}<br />
<br />
= 6 &nbsp; Visualizing Stream Data =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:6 Visualizing Stream Data}}<br />
<br />
= 7 &nbsp; Break-point Cross Sections =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:7 Break-point Cross Sections}}<br />
<br />
= 8 &nbsp; Infiltration =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:8 Infiltration}}<br />
<br />
= 9 &nbsp; Long-Term Simulations =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:9 Long-Term Simulations}}<br />
<br />
= 10 &nbsp; Using Microsoft® Excel® to format GSSHA™ data =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:10 Using Microsoft® Excel® to format GSSHA™ data}}<br />
<br />
= 11 &nbsp; Manual Calibratio =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:11 Manual Calibration}}<br />
<br />
= 12 &nbsp; Groundwate =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:12 Groundwater}}<br />
<br />
= 13 &nbsp; Overland Flow Boundary Condition =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:13 Overland Flow Boundary Conditions}}<br />
<br />
</pre><br />
* Add lines of code similar to the following. <br />
<pre><br />
<br />
= 14 &amp;nbsp; New GSSHA Tutorial =<br />
<br />
{{Tutorials:14 New GSSHA Tutorial}}<br />
</pre><br />
* Select '''Save'''<br />
</div><br />
<li>Contact Chris Smemoe, Clark Barlow, or Ernest Shaw at Aquaveo and request the addition of a link to the new tutorial in the sidebar. </li><br />
<div><br />
'''Or''' <br />
</div><br />
<li>If you have administrative privileges add a link to the new tutorial in [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]].</li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
===Adding pages to the GSSHA Primer===<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' These instructions are intended for addition of pages to sections which already exist. <br />
<ol><br />
<li>Open the navigation template for the appropriate section. Links to these templates appear below: </li><br />
<li>Follow the instructions found in the template to add a new page. </li><br />
{{Template:PrimNavList}}<br />
</ol><br />
<br />
===Adding pages to the GSSHA User's Manual===<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' These instructions are intended for addition of pages to chapters which already exist. <br />
<ol><br />
<li>Open the navigation template for the appropriate chapter. Links to these templates appear below: </li><br />
<li>Follow the instructions found in the template to add a new page. </li><br />
{{Template:NavList}}<br />
</ol><br />
<br />
===Deleting pages from the GSSHA User's Manual===<br />
<br />
'''Note:''' These instructions are intended for deletion of pages from chapters in the GSSHA User's Manual as opposed to deletion of entire chapters in the GSSHA User's Manual. <br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Open the navigation template for the appropriate chapter. Links to these templates appear below: </li><br />
<li>Follow the instructions found in the template to delete a page. </li><br />
{{Template:NavList}}<br />
</ol><br />
<br />
== Images ==<br />
Images may be added to pages in the following manner: <br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li>Open the appropriate page or section for editing. </li><br />
<li>Select the ''Embedded Image'' button at the top of the wiki editor. Type in the name of your new image. The result should appear similar to the text below: </li><br />
<pre><br />
[[Image:New_GSSHA_Image.png]]<br />
</pre><br />
<li>Save the page changes by clicking the ''Save page'' button at the bottom of the editing page. </li><br />
<li>A link will appear for the image you have added. Click on this link and it will bring you to a page that allows you to upload your image onto the wiki. </li><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
===Formatting===<br />
Captions, alignment, size and other formatting of the image may be specified if so desired. <br />
<br />
For example: <br />
<br />
<pre><br />
[[Image:Primer_Image006.png|frame|none|'''Figure 3.''' GSSHA Job Control dialog in WMS.]]<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Renders as:<br />
<br />
[[Image:Primer_Image006.png|frame|none|'''Figure 3.''' GSSHA Job Control dialog in WMS.]]<br />
<br />
For more on wiki image syntax refer to: <br />
* [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Extended_image_syntax Extended Image Syntax]<br />
* [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Images_and_other_uploaded_files Images and Other Uploaded Files]<br />
<br />
== Linking to PDF, ZIP, and other files ==<br />
<br />
To link to PDF, ZIP, and other files, you use the following format:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
[[media:test.pdf|GSSHA Tutorials]]<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
This will display a link using the text after the pipe and the file before the pipe. After you first create this text, clicking on the link will prompt you for a file to upload to the wiki. The result will look like the following:<br />
<br />
[[media:test.pdf|GSSHA Tutorials]]<br />
<br />
== Tables ==<br />
<br />
Creating a table in a wiki is a pretty simple task. The best way to do it is to just modify an existing table on the wiki. You can copy/paste your tabular data from MS Excel or Word into an editor such as [http://www.vim.org/ vim] and edit your table to match the wiki formatting. Here is the code for an existing table that you can modify:<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{| class="thin" width=700 <br />
|- <br />
! Texture Class !! -1 SD !! MEAN !! +1 SD<br />
|- <br />
| Sand || 0.018 || 0.091 || 0.164<br />
|- <br />
| Loamy Sand || 0.060 || 0.125 || 0.190<br />
|-<br />
| Sandy Loam || 0.126 || 0.207 || 0.288<br />
|-<br />
| Loam || 0.195 || 0.270 || 0.345<br />
|-<br />
| Silt Loam || 0.258 || 0.330 || 0.402<br />
|-<br />
| Sandy Clay Loam || 0.186 || 0.255 || 0.324<br />
|-<br />
| Clay Loam || 0.250 || 0.318 || 0.386<br />
|-<br />
| Silty Clay Loam || 0.304 || 0.366 || 0.428<br />
|-<br />
| Sandy Clay || 0.245 || 0.339 || 0.433<br />
|-<br />
| Silty Clay || 0.332 || 0.387 || 0.442<br />
|-<br />
| Clay || 0.326 || 0.396 || 0.466<br />
|}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Here is what this table will look like on the wiki:<br />
<br />
{| class="thin" width=700 <br />
|- <br />
! Texture Class !! -1 SD !! MEAN !! +1 SD<br />
|- <br />
| Sand || 0.018 || 0.091 || 0.164<br />
|- <br />
| Loamy Sand || 0.060 || 0.125 || 0.190<br />
|-<br />
| Sandy Loam || 0.126 || 0.207 || 0.288<br />
|-<br />
| Loam || 0.195 || 0.270 || 0.345<br />
|-<br />
| Silt Loam || 0.258 || 0.330 || 0.402<br />
|-<br />
| Sandy Clay Loam || 0.186 || 0.255 || 0.324<br />
|-<br />
| Clay Loam || 0.250 || 0.318 || 0.386<br />
|-<br />
| Silty Clay Loam || 0.304 || 0.366 || 0.428<br />
|-<br />
| Sandy Clay || 0.245 || 0.339 || 0.433<br />
|-<br />
| Silty Clay || 0.332 || 0.387 || 0.442<br />
|-<br />
| Clay || 0.326 || 0.396 || 0.466<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Columns on a Wiki Page ==<br />
<br />
If you would like to create divided columns on a wiki page, you can use the following code. The width will adjust the percentage of the page allocated for the column.<br />
<br />
<pre><br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
|style="width:33%; vertical-align: top; text-align:left;"|<br />
...text<br />
|style="width:33%; vertical-align: top; text-align:left;"|<br />
...text<br />
|style="width:33%; vertical-align: top; text-align:left;"|<br />
...text<br />
|}<br />
</pre><br />
<br />
Example:<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|-<br />
|style="width:33%; vertical-align: top; text-align:left;"|<br />
...text 1<br />
|style="width:33%; vertical-align: top; text-align:left;"|<br />
...text 2<br />
|style="width:33%; vertical-align: top; text-align:left;"|<br />
...text 3<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Special pages == <br />
<br />
The "Special pages" are very useful. You get to them by clicking on "Special pages" in the toolbox on the bottom left. Here are some of the more helpful pages, with brief descriptions.<br />
<br />
* Dead-end pages – often spam<br />
* List redirects – fix these links<br />
* Logs - the Deletion log is how you see deleted pages<br />
* New pages – often spam<br />
* Orphaned pages – often spam<br />
* Recent changes - <br />
* Unused files - probably should be deleted<br />
* User list<br />
* Wanted pages – broken links. Instead of creating the page, usually you want to fix the link.<br />
<br />
== Other Useful Tips ==<br />
<br />
* A newline in a list marks the end of the list, so don't put blank lines between the items in your lists.<br />
:Example:<br />
:{| class="wikitable"<br />
! With extra lines !! Without extra lines<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
* Item 1<br />
<br />
* Item 2<br />
<br />
* Item 3<br />
<br />
* Item 4<br />
<br />
* Item 5<br />
||<br />
* Item 1<br />
* Item 2<br />
* Item 3<br />
* Item 4<br />
* Item 5<br />
|}<br />
:The list on the left is really five different lists and the spacing between the items is wider than the list on the right.<br />
<br />
* "What links here" - found in the toolbox on the bottom left. Useful when fixing broken links.<br />
* Moving a page - when you move a page that has links to it, the wiki creates the new page and turns the old page into a redirect page. That way whatever was linking to the old page will redirect you to the new page. However you should fix all the links to point to the new page. So, go to the redirect page and click on "What links here" and fix all the links. Then delete the redirect page.<br />
* Adding <nowiki>__NOTOC__</nowiki> to a page hides the table of contents<br />
* Add <nowiki>[[Category:{Name}]]</nowiki> to the bottom of a page to add the page to a category. Example: <nowiki>[[Category:MODFLOW]]</nowiki>. Clicking on the link this tag creates takes you to the Category:MODFLOW page which is partially auto generated and partially user generated. You can edit the category page to say "Articles related to MODFLOW." Then that sentence appears at the top of the Category:MODFLOW page and the bottom of the page is auto generated and lists all pages that have the <nowiki>[[Category:MODFLOW]]</nowiki> tag.<br />
* To edit the sidebar, edit the page "MediaWiki:Sidebar" as an administrator. Marcus, Chris, Clark, or Ernest at Aquaveo are the Administrators for this page, so you can contact them if you need to edit the sidebar.<br />
* When inserting a link on a page, if you want to use the name of page as the text for the link you do not need to repeat the page name after the vertical line. For example if you wanted to insert a link to the SMS main page and you wanted the text for the link to be SMS, you could simply put <nowiki>[[SMS:SMS|]]</nowiki> instead of <nowiki>[[SMS:SMS|SMS]]</nowiki>. MediaWiki will automatically insert the name of the link as the page name. If you want to do this, you must ensure to put the "|" vertical line in after the name of the wiki page.<br />
<br />
== Templates ==<br />
===Stubs===<br />
Add '''<nowiki>{{stub}}</nowiki>''' to your page to indicate it's just a stub and needs work. Go to [[Template:Stub]] for more info, or [[:Category:Stubs]] for a list of all stub pages. Here's what it looks like when used:<br />
{{stub}}</div>Eshawhttps://gsshawiki.com/index.php?title=File:GSSHA_3.0b_win_32bit.zip&diff=2587File:GSSHA 3.0b win 32bit.zip2008-06-23T21:03:08Z<p>Eshaw: uploaded a new version of "Image:GSSHA 3.0b win 32bit.zip": Reverted to version as of 18:03, 23 May 2008</p>
<hr />
<div></div>Eshaw