Difference between revisions of "Constituents:Simple Constituents"

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(11.3.1 Overland Flow Plane)
(11.3.1 Overland Flow Plane)
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Where:  C<sub>ponded</sub> is the concentration in the water ponded on the soil surface, C<sub>soil</sub> is the concentration in the soil pore water.  The value 86400.0 changes the reaction rate from per day to per second.  As can be seen in the equation, the direction of the flux is dependent on the relationship between the concentration of the surface water to the soil pore water volume.   
 
Where:  C<sub>ponded</sub> is the concentration in the water ponded on the soil surface, C<sub>soil</sub> is the concentration in the soil pore water.  The value 86400.0 changes the reaction rate from per day to per second.  As can be seen in the equation, the direction of the flux is dependent on the relationship between the concentration of the surface water to the soil pore water volume.   
  
For contaminants dissolved in the soil column, the uptake coefficient can be estimated from Thibodeaux, Environmental Chemodynamics 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1996, pp. 276-277 using the relation:
+
While the uptake coefficient is generally considered a calibration coefficient for contaminants in the soil column, the uptake coefficient can be estimated from Thibodeaux, Environmental Chemodynamics 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1996, pp. 276-277 using the relation:
 
::
 
::
 
::K<sub>u</sub> = D n<sup>4/3</sup>/(0.5 d<sub>ml</sub>)
 
::K<sub>u</sub> = D n<sup>4/3</sup>/(0.5 d<sub>ml</sub>)
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where D is the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in water (m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-d</sup>), n is the porosity, d<sub>ml</sub> is the mixing layer depth (m).
 
where D is the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in water (m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-d</sup>), n is the porosity, d<sub>ml</sub> is the mixing layer depth (m).
  
Thibodeaux list a diffusion coefficient for nitrates of 0.000164 m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-d</sup>.  For a typical soil with porosity of 0.4 and a mixing layer depth of 0.1 m, the uptake coefficient is 0.00048 m d<sup>-1</sup>.  Lerman, Geophysical Processes, Wiley, New York, 1979, pp. 73-121, lists diffusion coefficients for common ions.
+
Thibodeaux list a diffusion coefficient for nitrates of 0.000164 m<sup>2</sup>s<sup>-d</sup>.  For a typical soil with porosity of 0.4 and a mixing layer depth of 0.1 m, the uptake coefficient for nitrate would be 0.00048 md<sup>-1</sup>.  Lerman, Geophysical Processes, Wiley, New York, 1979, pp. 73-121, lists diffusion coefficients for common ions.
  
 
3) Contaminants dissolved in surface water decay at the rate:
 
3) Contaminants dissolved in surface water decay at the rate:

Revision as of 21:55, 23 March 2016

11.3 Simple Constituents

As described in Section 11.1, reactive contaminants may be treated as simple constituents. That is, all reactions are simple first order reactions with user specified kinetic rates (K). There is no limit on the number of simple constituents that can be simulated at one time.

11.3.1 Overland Flow Plane

For the overland flow plane kinetic rates and other inputs are specified in the MAPPING_TABLE_FILE. For each contaminant a single value of rainfall concentration (mg L-1) is specified. All other input values are distributed both by constituent and location on the overland flow plane with the index map and mapping table values. The following table inputs are required.

  1. Dispersion coefficient (m2 s-1)
  2. Decay coefficient K (d-1)
  3. Uptake coefficient Ku (m d-1)
  4. Initial loading (Kg) or (mg Kg-1)
  5. Groundwater concentration (g m-3)
  6. Initial concentration (g m-3)
  7. Soil water distribution coefficients Kd (L Kg-1)
  8. Solubility Cmax (g m-3)

See Section 13 for details on the MAPPING_TABLE inputs.

Three types of reactions can take place on the overland flow plane:

  1. uptake from land surface,
  2. uptake from soil,
  3. decay.

1) The uptake coefficient controls movement of contaminants into the overland flow based on the concentration deficit (solubility of the constituent and the concentration in solution). The mass flux (F) (g s-1) is computed as:

F=Ku A(Cmax -C)/86400.0

Where C is the concentration of contaminant in the ponded surface water, and A is the area of the computational grid cell (m2). The value 86400.0 converts the reaction rate into (m s-1).

2) If SOIL_CONTAM is included in the project file Ku is the transfer rate between the soil pore water and the water ponded on the land surface. In this case the mass flux (F) (g s-1) is calculated as:

F=Ku A(Cponded-Csoil)/86400.0

Where: Cponded is the concentration in the water ponded on the soil surface, Csoil is the concentration in the soil pore water. The value 86400.0 changes the reaction rate from per day to per second. As can be seen in the equation, the direction of the flux is dependent on the relationship between the concentration of the surface water to the soil pore water volume.

While the uptake coefficient is generally considered a calibration coefficient for contaminants in the soil column, the uptake coefficient can be estimated from Thibodeaux, Environmental Chemodynamics 2nd Ed., Wiley, New York, 1996, pp. 276-277 using the relation:

Ku = D n4/3/(0.5 dml)

where D is the diffusion coefficient of the chemical in water (m2s-d), n is the porosity, dml is the mixing layer depth (m).

Thibodeaux list a diffusion coefficient for nitrates of 0.000164 m2s-d. For a typical soil with porosity of 0.4 and a mixing layer depth of 0.1 m, the uptake coefficient for nitrate would be 0.00048 md-1. Lerman, Geophysical Processes, Wiley, New York, 1979, pp. 73-121, lists diffusion coefficients for common ions.

3) Contaminants dissolved in surface water decay at the rate:

F=KCV/86400.0

where V is the volume (m3), A times the depth.

11.3.2 Channels

For channels, the only reaction is decay, calculated as above. The decay coefficient can be set as a uniform value for every stream node by specifying the value (d-1) with the CHAN_DECAY card. In addition to setting the rate, the dispersion coefficient (m2s-1) can be defined with the CHAN_DISP_COEF card. Inital values (g m-3) can be specified with the INIT_CHAN_CONC card. The default value for each of these is zero.

11.3.3 Soil Column

When transport in the soil is specified with the SOIL_CONTAM card, exchange between the top soil layer and the surface water occurs, as well as decay in the soil pore water. The reactions are the same as described above for overland flow. The soil water distribution coefficient controls the pore water concentration. The fraction of the total that is dissolved is:

Partition.jpg

where theta is the soil moisture (fraction) and rhos is the dry soil density (Kg m-3). So that the concentration dissolved is:

Cd=fdM/V

where: M is the total mass in the layer (g) and V is the volume of the pore water in the soil layer (m3).

The same reaction rates specified in the MAPPING_TABLE_FILE are used for both the soils and the overland flow.

GSSHA User's Manual

11 Constituent Transport and Fate
11.1     Simulating Reactive Constituents in GSSHA
11.2     Transport Formulations
11.3     Simple Constituents
11.4     Point and Non-point sources
11.5     Multi-phase transport